Anatomical and physiological characteristics of perineal muscles in the female rabbit

Cruz, Yolanda; Hudson, Robyn; Pacheco, Pablo; Lucio, Rosa Angélica; Martı́nez–Gómez, Margarita

doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00638-2

Cited by 26 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Furthermore, mechanical stimulation, by passing a small balloon filled with saline into different regions of the vagina, differentially activated these muscles. Stimulation causes electromyographic activity of the Ism and the Bsm (Cruz et al, 2002;2010A) and the Pcm (Cruz et al, 2010B). Such findings are similar to those described in women as the vaginocavernosus and the vaginolevator reflexes (Shafik, 1993(Shafik, , 1995.…”

Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In domestic breeds, the birth of as many as 14 pups is achieved within 10 -15 min (Fuchs and Darwood, 1980;Hudson et al, 1995). The reproductive tract of the female rabbit has two uterine horns with two necks attached to a long vagina, which we have regionalized as abdominal, pelvic, and perineal (Cruz et al, 2002). The pelvic vagina is covered by a prominent venous plexus and in its ventral wall is the urethral opening.…”

Section: The Domestic Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around this anatomical structure, also called the urogenital tract, the pelvic and perineal muscles are located ( Fig. 1) and contribute to the reproductive and excretory functions Cruz et al, 2002. The pelvic muscles include the obturatorius internus, the coccygeus, the Icm, and the Pcm.…”

Section: The Domestic Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prolonged cervical stimulation inhibited this reflex. Thus, in reproductive processes such as copulation and parturition, the contraction of these muscles may be produced during stimulation of the perineal vagina (Cruz et al, 2002). Fig.…”

Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5. Reflex EMG activity of the pubococcygeus muscle in a female rabbit in response to stimulations of the vaginal tract with a glass rod (Cruz et al, 2010b). The recording made on a polygraph before, during, and after vaginal stimulation was applied to the three levels of the vagina; a) perineal, b) pelvic, and c) abdominal.…”

Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in Reproductive and Excretory Functions

Martı́nez–Gómez¹,

Corona-Quintanilla²,

Cruz-Gómez³

et al. 2012

Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine

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Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: The Domestic Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Domestic Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Activity During Vaginocervical Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in Reproductive and Excretory Functions

Martı́nez–Gómez¹,

Corona-Quintanilla²,

Cruz-Gómez³

et al. 2012

Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine

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Components of the neural circuitry of the vaginocavernosus reflex in rabbits

Cruz

Rodríguez-Antolín

Nicolás

et al. 2009

J of Comparative Neurology

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In mammals the mechanisms underlying female sexual and reproductive biology are poorly understood. Little attention has been paid to striated muscles and their neural regulation. The aim of the present study was to describe the components of the vaginocavernosus reflex in adult rabbits. It was found that mechanical stimulation of the glans of the clitoris and the perineal vagina induced electromyographic (EMG) responses in bulbocavernosus (Bcm) and ischiocavernosus (Icm) muscles. Unilateral and bilateral nerve transection indicated that the clitoral nerve is the main afferent path of the reflex and that it recruits ipsilateral and contralateral perineal motoneurons. Injection of horseradish peroxides-wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) into the Bcm and Icm labeled spinal motoneurons scattered in L7 and S1 segments. According to the results of this study and previous work, the elements of the vaginocavernosus reflex may be described as follows. Mechanical receptors are located in the glans clitoris and in the wall of the perineal vagina. The main afferent pathway is the clitoral nerve. It activates ipsilateral and contralateral Bcm and Icm motoneurons in lumbosacral segments. Axons of efferent neurons travel through the clitoral and ischiocavernosus nerves, and the effectors are the Bcm and Icm perineal muscles. Identification of neural components of the vaginocavernosus reflex in rabbits will allow the use of this animal as a model to assess the physiological characteristics of the perineal motoneurons as well as the contribution of the Bcm and Icm in female urogenital functions.

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Neural pathways of somatic and visceral reflexes of the external urethral sphincter in female rats

Pastelín

Juárez

Damaser

et al. 2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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The external urethral sphincter (EUS) plays a crucial role in maintaining urinary continence. The activity of the EUS is modulated by bladder and urethra sensory neurons. However, a complete understanding of the somatic or visceral sources that modulate the EUS is lacking. The aims of the present study were to characterize the response of the EUS to perineal skin, genital, rectal, and urethral mechanical stimulation, as well as to determine the peripheral neural pathways of the reflex. EUS reflex electromyographic activity (EMG), innervation of pelvic and perineal structures, and the anatomy of afferent and efferent nerves were determined in anesthetized female rats. The EUS responds to cutaneous as well as genital and rectal stimuli. However, the EUS EMG response is significantly larger when induced by genital stimulation. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris and the cavernous nerve both innervate the distal urethra and the distal vagina, as well as the clitoris and perigenital skin and are the main afferent pathways for the genito-sphincteric reflex. Efferent axons travel through the pudendal nerve and the lumbosacral trunk and converge in the motor branch of the lumbosacral plexus, which innervates the EUS. Because the nerves are located on the vaginal walls, they are susceptible to damage during childbirth. Physiology and anatomy of the different neural pathways that regulate EUS activity are important to consider when inducing nerve damage to create models of urinary incontinence.

show abstract

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of perineal muscles in the female rabbit

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in Reproductive and Excretory Functions

The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in Reproductive and Excretory Functions

Components of the neural circuitry of the vaginocavernosus reflex in rabbits

Neural pathways of somatic and visceral reflexes of the external urethral sphincter in female rats

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