Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm

Bambach, Richard K.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Sepkoski, J. John

doi:10.1073/pnas.092150999

Cited by 207 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

156

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This effort identifies at least three of the five canonical mass extinctions below. However, like other work (32,33) it raises questions about the magnitude of other extinction events.…”

Section: Metrics For the Loss Of Evolutionary Historymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For example, metabolic scaling theory posits linkages across metabolic activity, form, population size, species diversity, and other variables (67)(68)(69). The apparent relationship between metabolic activity and some mass extinctions (33,70), suggests that the relationship between scaling theory and extinction is worth exploring, as are species-energy relationships (71,72).…”

Section: Metrics For the Loss Of Evolutionary Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Erwin

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Current plant and animal diversity preserves at most 1-2% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years. But understanding the evolutionary impact of these extinctions requires a variety of metrics. The traditional measurement is loss of taxa (species or a higher category) but in the absence of phylogenetic information it is difficult to distinguish the evolutionary depth of different patterns of extinction: the same species loss can encompass very different losses of evolutionary history. Furthermore, both taxic and phylogenetic measures are poor metrics of morphologic disparity. Other measures of lost diversity include: functional diversity, architectural components, behavioral and social repertoires, and developmental strategies. The canonical five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic reveals the loss of different, albeit sometimes overlapping, aspects of loss of evolutionary history. The end-Permian mass extinction (252 Ma) reduced all measures of diversity. The same was not true of other episodes, differences that may reflect their duration and structure. The construction of biodiversity reflects similarly uneven contributions to each of these metrics. Unraveling these contributions requires greater attention to feedbacks on biodiversity and the temporal variability in their contribution to evolutionary history. Taxic diversity increases after mass extinctions, but the response by other aspects of evolutionary history is less well studied. Earlier views of postextinction biotic recovery as the refilling of empty ecospace fail to capture the dynamics of this diversity increase.biodiversity ͉ morphologic disparity ͉ ecosystem engineering

show abstract

“…This effort identifies at least three of the five canonical mass extinctions below. However, like other work (32,33) it raises questions about the magnitude of other extinction events.…”

Section: Metrics For the Loss Of Evolutionary Historymentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Metrics For the Loss Of Evolutionary Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Erwin

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One of the milestones in this field came from White et al 2 , whose approach involved mixing microcapsules containing healing monomers into an epoxy polymer matrix that contains a catalyst. When a break occurs, the micro capsules are destroyed, releasing the monomers into the crack; there they come into contact with the catalyst, triggering a polymerization reaction that swells the healing material until the crack is closed.…”

Section: Justin L Mynar and Takuzo Aidamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology for bankers

May¹,

Levin²,

Sugihara³

2008

Nature

671

297

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The relevance of potential CO 2 effects on animals is emphasized by the present discussion of aquatic CO 2 oscillations, which played a key role in the Perm Trias mass extinction events (Knoll et al, 1996;Bambach et al, 2002;Berner, 2002). Moreover, the evolution of high performance life forms in the sea may have depended on the reduction of atmospheric CO 2 levels during early metazoan evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biological Impact of Elevated Ocean CO2 Concentrations: Lessons from Animal Physiology and Earth History

Pörtner

Langenbuch

Reipschläger

2004

Journal of Oceanography

630

463

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

CO 2 currently accumulating in the atmosphere permeates into ocean surface layers, where it may impact on marine animals in addition to effects caused by global warming. At the same time, several countries are developing scenarios for the disposal of anthropogenic CO 2 in the worlds' oceans, especially the deep sea. Elevated CO 2 partial pressures (hypercapnia) will affect the physiology of water breathing animals, a phenomenon also considered in recent discussions of a role for CO 2 in mass extinction events in earth history. Our current knowledge of CO 2 effects ranges from effects of hypercapnia on acid-base regulation, calcification and growth to influences on respiration, energy turnover and mode of metabolism. The present paper attempts to evaluate critical processes and the thresholds beyond which these effects may become detrimental. CO 2 elicits acidosis not only in the water, but also in tissues and body fluids. Despite compensatory accumulation of bicarbonate, acid-base parameters (pH, bicarbonate and CO 2 levels) and ion levels reach new steady-state values, with specific, long-term effects on metabolic functions. Even though such processes may not be detrimental, they are expected to affect long-term growth and reproduction and may thus be harmful at population and species levels. Sensitivity is maximal in ommastrephid squid, which are characterized by a high metabolic rate and extremely pH-sensitive blood oxygen transport. Acute sensitivity is interpreted to be less in fish with intracellular blood pigments and higher capacities to compensate for CO 2 induced acid-base disturbances than invertebrates. Virtually nothing is known about the degree to which deep-sea fishes are affected by short or long term hypercapnia. Sensitivity to CO 2 is hypothesized to be related to the organizational level of an animal, its energy requirements and mode of life. Long-term effects expected at population and species levels are in line with recent considerations of a detrimental role of CO 2 during mass extinctions in the earth's history. Future research is needed in this area to evaluate critical effects of the various CO 2 disposal scenarios.

show abstract

Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm

Cited by 207 publications

References 30 publications

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Ecology for bankers

Biological Impact of Elevated Ocean CO2 Concentrations: Lessons from Animal Physiology and Earth History

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About