Anatomic Studies of the Circulation in the Region of the Vertebral End-Plate in Adult Greyhound Dogs

Crock, Henry Vernon; Goldwasser, Miron

doi:10.1097/00007632-198410000-00009

Cited by 103 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The CEP is an approximately 600-lm thick layer of hyaline cartilage positioned between the vertebral endplate and NP [7]. It functions both as a mechanical barrier between the pressurized NP and the vertebral bone, as well as a gateway for nutrient transport into the disc from adjacent blood vessels [9][10][11][12]. With intervertebral disc degeneration, the CEP becomes sclerotic, loses vascular contact, and exhibits decreased permeability [13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2013

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Purpose The cartilaginous endplate (CEP) is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage positioned between the vertebral endplate and nucleus pulposus (NP) that functions both as a mechanical barrier and as a gateway for nutrient transport into the disc. Despite its critical role in disc nutrition and degeneration, the morphology of the CEP has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to visualize and report observations of the CEP three-dimensional morphology, and quantify CEP thickness using an MRI FLASH (fast low-angle shot) pulse sequence. Methods MR imaging of ex vivo human cadaveric lumbar spine segments (N = 17) was performed in a 7T MRI scanner with sequence parameters that were selected by utilizing highresolution T1 mapping, and an analytical MRI signal model to optimize image contrast between CEP and NP. The CEP thickness at five locations along the mid-sagittal AP direction (center, 5 mm, 10 mm off-center towards anterior and posterior) was measured, and analyzed using two-way ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferonni test. For further investigation, six in vivo volunteers were imaged with a similar sequence in a 3T MRI scanner. In addition, decalcified and undecalcified histology was performed, which confirmed that the FLASH sequence successfully detected the CEP. Results CEP thickness determined by MRI in the midsagittal plane across all lumbar disc levels and locations was 0.77 ± 0.24 mm ex vivo. The CEP thickness was not different across disc levels, but was thinner toward the center of the disc. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of MRI FLASH imaging for structural quantification of the CEP geometry, which may be developed as a technique to evaluate changes in the CEP with disc degeneration in future applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2013

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“…There are two possible pathways for nutrient transport into (and waste transport out of) the IVD: the cartilage endplate route or the perianular route (Nachemson et al, 1970;Horner and Urban, 2001;Maroudas et al, 1975;Urban et al, 1977;Urban et al, 1978;Ogata and Whiteside, 1981;Holm et al, 1981;Crock and Goldwasser, 1984;Moore et al, 1992;Roberts et al, 1996). Since determining the in vivo distribution of nutrients in human IVD is often invasive and difficult (Bartels et al, 1998), the knowledge on nutrient transport in human IVD is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of mechanical compression on metabolism and distribution of oxygen and lactate in intervertebral disc

Huang¹,

Gu²

2008

Journal of Biomechanics

103

129

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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mechanical compression on metabolism and distributions of oxygen and lactate in the intervertebral disc (IVD) using a new formulation of the triphasic theory. In this study, the cellular metabolic rates of oxygen and lactate were incorporated into the newly developed formulation of the mechano-electrochemical mixture model [Huang and Gu, J. Biomech. Eng., 129:423-429, 2007]. The model was used to numerically analyze metabolism and transport of oxygen and lactate in the IVD under static or dynamic compression. The theoretical analyses demonstrated that compressive loading could affect transport and metabolism of nutrients. Dynamic compression increased oxygen concentration, reduced lactate accumulation, and promoted oxygen consumption and lactate production (i.e., energy conversion) within the IVD. Such effects of dynamic loading were dependent on strain level and loading frequency, and more pronounced in the IVD with less permeable endplate. In contrast, static compression exhibited inverse effects on transport and metabolism of oxygen and lactate. The theoretical predictions in this study are in good agreement with those in the literature. This study established a new theoretical model for analyzing cellular metabolism of nutrients in hydrated, fibrous soft tissues under mechanical compression.

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“…The net negative charge of the nucleus conferred by the high concentration of proteoglycans in the nucleus permits passage of positive ions such as sodium and calcium and uncharged molecules such as glucose and oxygen, while impeding movement of negatively charged ions such as sulphate and chloride and macromolecules such as immunoglobulins and enzymes. The significance of the endplate in the metabolism of the disc has been confirmed by a variety of laboratory techniques [14,20,35].…”

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confidence: 99%

The vertebral endplate: disc degeneration, disc regeneration

2006

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The vertebral endplates are critical for maintaining disc function yet like other components of the disc are vulnerable to degeneration. This paper provides an overview of the development and normal function of the endplates as well as an impression of what happens when they undergo progressive degeneration. Recent research suggests that the degenerative process can be retarded or reversed.Keywords Disc AE Endplate AE Degeneration AE Regeneration ManuscriptDespite all that is known from decades of research the intervertebral disc remains an enigma. It is a unique and remarkable entity and perhaps the one aspect that is responsible for much of its mystery is that such a large structure is able to survive and function under the most difficult physiological conditions. The discs of the human spine are the largest non-vascularised structures in the body, and in the largest of them (in the lumbar spine) some cells can be 20 mm from the nearest direct blood supply. Despite their apparent resilience however, the resident cells are not immortal. It is not unusual for discs to show signs of deterioration by the age of 25 years and it is in this regard that the vertebral endplate plays an important role.Discs are roughly cylindrical structures that vary in size and shape progressively from the cervical to the lumbar region. They all comprise a well-hydrated central nucleus pulposus that is surrounded by the firm but flexible collagenous lamellae of the annulus fibrosus [40]. At the cranial and caudal ends of each disc are the endplates that separate the vertebral bone from the disc itself and prevent the highly hydrated nucleus from bulging into the adjacent vertebrae. The endplates also absorb the considerable hydrostatic pressure that results from mechanical loading of the spine [10]. The endplates are typically less than 1 mm thick, and while this varies considerably across the width of any single disc, they tend to be thinnest in the central region adjacent to the nucleus [16,44].The endplates are identifiable from an early embryological stage and have an osseous as well as a hyaline cartilage component [50]. The cartilaginous component appears to generate great interest since it persists throughout normal maturation while the adjacent vertebrae undergo ossification. It comprises a gel of hydrated proteoglycan molecules reinforced by a network of collagen fibrils. Unlike the articular cartilage of the synovial joints the collagen fibrils do not connect the endplate directly to the vertebral bone [22], although the endplate does have intimate contact with the disc through the lamellae of the inner annulus [21]. A network of microscopic blood vessels penetrates the endplates during development of the growing spine, principally to provide nutrition for the disc, before disappearing around the time of skeletal maturity [50]. Apart from a sparse vascular supply in the outer

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Anatomic Studies of the Circulation in the Region of the Vertebral End-Plate in Adult Greyhound Dogs

Cited by 103 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging

Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging

Effects of mechanical compression on metabolism and distribution of oxygen and lactate in intervertebral disc

The vertebral endplate: disc degeneration, disc regeneration

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