Anatomic Relationship of the Pectoralis Major and Minor Muscles

Sanchez, Erick R.; Sanchez, Ruston; Moliver, Clayton L.

doi:10.1177/1090820x13519643

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The insertion is at the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus, a landmark of the humerus bone. The pectoralis major can be divided into two heads, the clavicular and the sternocostal 27 28. These two heads of the pectoralis major are supplied by different nerves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The botulinum neurotoxin for pain control after breast reconstruction: neural distribution of the pectoralis major muscle

Yi¹,

Lee

Kim³

et al. 2022

Reg Anesth Pain Med

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IntroductionThe use of the botulinum neurotoxin injection is a growing area of research and clinical activity, with a focus on its role in facilitating postoperative pain management after reconstructive breast surgery. The study aimed to find out the standard injection points for botulinum neurotoxin injection by revealing the intramuscular nerve arborization of the pectoralis major.MethodsSihler’s technique was conducted on the pectoralis major muscles (16 cadaveric specimens). The intramuscular nerve arborization was documented relative to the inferior border of the clavicle bone and lateral border of the sternum.ResultsAfter the staining, the pectoralis major was divided into fifths transversely from the inferior border of the clavicle and vertically into fifths from the lateral border of the sternum. Intramuscular nerve arborization of the pectoralis major muscle was the largest in the middle sections of the muscle belly.DiscussionThe results indicate that botulinum neurotoxin should be applied to the pectoralis major in certain regions. The regions of major arborization are optimal as the most effective and most reliable points for injecting botulinum neurotoxin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The botulinum neurotoxin for pain control after breast reconstruction: neural distribution of the pectoralis major muscle

Yi¹,

Lee

Kim³

et al. 2022

Reg Anesth Pain Med

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show abstract

“…The EAO is located near the PM and is therefore regarded as one of the main structures affecting the outcome of DPBA. Nevertheless, most previous studies have focused on anatomical features of the PM and its variations, most involving Caucasians rather than Asians (Sanchez et al, ; Madsen et al, ; Baek et al, ). Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to analyze the body structures of Asians (i.e., Koreans and Thais) in order to identify the anatomical features of various structures (including the PM) that influence DPBA outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positional relationship between the pectoralis major and external abdominal oblique muscles for consideration during dual‐plane breast augmentation

et al. 2018

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During dual plane breast augmentation (DPBA), the costal origin of the pectoralis major (the PM) should be cut to ensure appropriate coverage and positioning of an implant. However, surgeons sometimes make inappropriate planar incisions and insufficient muscular incisions because the external abdominal oblique (the EAO) muscle partially overlaps the lateral portion of the PM. The goal of this study was to clarify the positional relationship between the PM and EAO with the aim of improving the accuracy of implant and muscular incisions during DPBA. Forty sides of 20 embalmed and fresh cadavers were dissected. The midline and midclavicular line (MCL) were used as reference lines for measurements. We clarified the overlapping patterns between the PM and EAO, and measured the distances from the MCL to the borders of those two muscles. The costal part of the PM originated from the 5th (25%), 6th (70%), or 7th rib (5%), respectively. The distances from the MCL to the lateral border of the PM at the 4th, 5th, and 6th ribs were 49.8 mm, 30.5 mm, and 6.3 mm, respectively. In 90% of the specimens, the PM and the EAO overlapped near the MCL. The width of the overlapping portion between the PM and EAO was about 25 mm. This study is one of the first to suggest an innovative approach for explaining the positional relationships between the PM and EAO. Our findings can be useful for surgeons attempting to produce optimal outcomes in DPBA, especially in procedures that involve patients of different races. Clin. Anat. 31:339-346, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Moreover, the costal origin of the pectoralis minor muscle is also variable. According to a report by Anson et al [6] that analyzed 100 cadaveric specimens, the costal origin of the pectoralis minor muscle was connected from the second to fifth ribs in 42% of cases, from the third to fifth ribs in 28.5% of cases, from the second to fourth ribs in 15% of cases, and from the third to fourth ribs in 5% of cases [7]. Therefore, these anatomical differences must be considered during the IMF approach, and the dissection plane must be predicted when creating a submuscular pocket in order to identify the surgical plane accurately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive Hemopneumothorax during Breast Augmentation

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Suh³

et al. 2018

Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg

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Although it is very rare, hemopneumothorax can occur during breast augmentation. This potentially fatal surgical complication can be experienced by any plastic surgeon who performs breast augmentation surgery. In this article, we present a case from our institution and review the related literature in order to explore the etiological mechanism of hemopneumothorax, as well as preventive measures and treatments. In addition, we have tried to emphasize the importance of a thorough knowledge of anatomical variations and proper surgical techniques as ways to minimize the likelihood of this complication.

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Anatomic Relationship of the Pectoralis Major and Minor Muscles

Abstract: The anatomic relationship between the costal origin of the pectoralis major and minor muscles is highly variable. Understanding this spatial relationship has important implications for cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery.

Cited by 24 publications

References 3 publications

The botulinum neurotoxin for pain control after breast reconstruction: neural distribution of the pectoralis major muscle

The botulinum neurotoxin for pain control after breast reconstruction: neural distribution of the pectoralis major muscle

Positional relationship between the pectoralis major and external abdominal oblique muscles for consideration during dual‐plane breast augmentation

Massive Hemopneumothorax during Breast Augmentation

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