Anatomic and Hormonal Changes in the Female Reproductive Tract Immune Environment during the Life Cycle: Implications for <scp>HIV</scp>/<scp>STI</scp> Prevention Research

Venkatesh, Kartik K.; Cu‐Uvin, Susan

doi:10.1111/aji.12247

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…are in line with the suggestion that sex steroids have a regulatory role in adrenomedullin production by human endothelial cells . All our female subjects were postmenopausal, and characteristic plasma oestradiol depletion and plasma luteinising hormones elevation at this stage of the female life cycle are associated with a higher male‐like level of plasma adrenomedullin . In addition, our subjects were overweight: plasma adrenomedullin positively correlates with BMI, especially in females .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Adrenomedullin and galanin responses to orthostasis in older persons

Broadbent

Reichmuth

Trozić

et al. 2017

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Adrenomedullin and galanin responses to orthostasis in older persons

Broadbent

Reichmuth

Trozić

et al. 2017

Eur J Clin Investigation

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“…This is an area that we have only begun to understand and involves multiple complex biological and clinical factors that need to be carefully evaluated. 55 Several reviews on the subject have been recently published where these aspects are further elaborated. [56][57][58][59] Hepatitis Acute viral hepatitis is the most common cause of jaundice in pregnancy.…”

Section: Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infections During Pregnancy

Silasi

Cardenas

Kwon

et al. 2015

American J Rep Immunol

427

367

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Viral infections during pregnancy have long been considered benign conditions with a few notable exceptions, such as herpes virus. The recent Ebola outbreak and other viral epidemics and pandemics show how pregnant women suffer worse outcomes (such as preterm labor and adverse fetal outcomes) than the general population and non-pregnant women. New knowledge about the ways the maternal-fetal interface and placenta interact with the maternal immune system may explain these findings. Once thought to be “immunosuppressed”, the pregnant woman actually undergoes an immunological transformation, where the immune system is necessary to promote and support the pregnancy and growing fetus. When this protection is breached, as in a viral infection, this security is weakened and infection with other microorganisms can then propagate and lead to outcomes, such as preterm labor. In this manuscript, we review the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy, and offer potential mechanisms for the associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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“…During pregnancy, many factors may influence the state of the vagina's immunity to pathogens. For example, changes in the morphology of the vaginal mucosa, the regulation of the mucosal environment, and the hormonal level in the female reproductive tract are essential to resist external pathogens (54). Faure et al found that the vagina could produce an anti-inflammatory response (a 5-fold increase of IL-10) and a strong mucosal homeostasis response (a 40-fold increase of IL-22) to fight BV infection by detecting the vaginal tissue samples of pregnant women infected with BV (55).…”

Section: Resistance To Pathogenic Microorganisms During Pregnancy Defmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Unique Microbiome and Innate Immunity During Pregnancy

et al. 2019

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A successful pregnancy depends on not only the tolerance of the fetal immune system by the mother but also resistance against the threat of hazardous microorganisms. Infection with pathogenic microorganisms during pregnancy may lead to premature delivery, miscarriage, growth restriction, neonatal morbidity, and other adverse outcomes. Moreover, the host also has an intact immune system to avoid these adverse outcomes. It is important to note the presence of normal bacteria in the maternal reproductive tract and the principal role of the maternal-placental-fetal interaction in antimicrobial immunity. Previous studies mainly focused on maternal infection during pregnancy. However, this review summarizes the new views on the study of the maternal microbiome and expounds the innate immune defense mechanism of the maternal vagina and decidua as well as how cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts recognize and kill bacteria in the placenta. Fetal immune systems, thought to be weak, also exhibit an immune defense function that is indispensable for maintaining the safety of the fetus. The skin, lungs, and intestines of the fetus during pregnancy constitute the main immune barriers. These findings will provide a new understanding of the effects of normal microbial flora and how the host resists harmful microbes during pregnancy. We believe that it may also contribute to the reference on the clinical prevention and treatment of gestational infection to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Anatomic and Hormonal Changes in the Female Reproductive Tract Immune Environment during the Life Cycle: Implications for HIV/STI Prevention Research

Abstract: CitationVenkatesh KK, Cu-Uvin S. Anatomic and hormonal changes in the female reproductive tract immune environment during the life cycle: implications for HIV/STI prevention research. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 495-504

Cited by 13 publications

References 63 publications

Adrenomedullin and galanin responses to orthostasis in older persons

Adrenomedullin and galanin responses to orthostasis in older persons

Viral Infections During Pregnancy

The Unique Microbiome and Innate Immunity During Pregnancy

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