Anatase—a pigment in ancient artwork or a modern usurper?

Edwards, Howell G. M.; Hassan, Nik Fakhuruddin Nik; Middleton, Paul

doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0284-2

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While there have been other claims of original titanium dioxide-bearing white pigments on ancient objects, these [40][41][42][43]. In the present case, however, the Raman results corroborate the findings of the other analytical techniques, providing evidence of the use of cristobalite containing a significant, if lesser, amount of natural anatase, possibly from an ore body such as the "Giacomo Deposit".…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The occurrence of a titanium dioxide/silica white pigment on wooden Andean qeros: a cultural and chronological marker

et al. 2018

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A white pigment found on a sub-set of polychromed wooden Andean ritual drinking cups called qeros has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy as consisting principally of cristobalite (SiO 2 ), anatase (TiO 2 ), and α-quartz (SiO 2 ). This unexpected assemblage of minerals is like that reportedly found in an exposed titanium ore body in southern Peru, an area once part of the Inka Empire. The ore is a close match in color and composition to the white pigment found on the qeros and offers a possible candidate for the geological source of this material. The temporal horizon for the use of this pigment appears to be ca. 1532-1570, correlating with what we refer to here as the Transitional Inka/Early Colonial period, although production of polychromed qeros may have begun before this time and certainly continued well into the eighteenth century or later. Not long after the arrival of the Spanish, this titanium dioxide/silica pigment was replaced by lead white, a result of Spanish influence. We suggest that white pigments on qeros offer material evidence for establishing a chronology for these ritual vessels and that the titanium dioxide/silica pigment on this group of qeros constitutes a previously unidentified, naturally occurring white pigment indigenous to the southern Andes, the first use of which probably dates to the PreColumbian period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The occurrence of a titanium dioxide/silica white pigment on wooden Andean qeros: a cultural and chronological marker

et al. 2018

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“…2, 3 and 5 the presence of anatase is clearly observed with characteristic bands at 638, 398 and 143 cm −1 [18]. Anatase is a component of the kaolin china clay and is a strong Raman scatterer; it is converted to rutile at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1200 °C and therefore its presence provides a good estimate of kiln temperatures [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Shards #1 and #3 From The Santa Maria Madre De Deusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Porcelain shards from Portuguese wrecks: Raman spectroscopic analysis of marine archaeological ceramics

et al. 2017

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Raman spectroscopic analysis of shards recovered from two Portuguese shipwrecks, the Santo Espirito (1608) and the Santa Maria Madre de Deus (1643), believed to be carrying porcelains of the Ming period have revealed some interesting and novel results that inform historical ideas of porcelain production. The porcelain body of two of the four shards from the Santa Maria Madre de Deus were found to contain anatase, a low temperature polymorph of titanium dioxide, and β-wollastonite a mineral characteristic of soft-paste porcelains that are made at medium-temperature firing conditions. Previously, β-wollastonite has been found in a range of sixteenth to nineteenth century European porcelains but this is the first report of its detection in porcelain believed to be from the Ming period. These same shards exhibited unusual spectral features that were attributed to the resonance enhancement of rare earth elements that resulted from excitation using a near-infrared source.

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“…The possible use of titanium white in historical times and the possibility to quantify its presence using Raman spectroscopy are still debated in the scientific community, concerning also famous case studies such as the dating of the Vinlad Map. [31,32] SEM-EDS analysis performed on the same points where pure anatase is found from the Raman spectra revealed that the white material was instead clay containing a small amount of titanium (1% or lower). So the white coloration is due to the white clay used as wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jrs ingobbio and a very small amount of titanium oxide is responsible for the spectra resembling that of pure of anatase: this agrees with similar results found by Clark et al [33] on ancient Chinese ceramics.…”

Section: Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐technique investigation of archaeological pottery from Parma (Italy)

Bersani

Lottici

Virgenti

et al. 2010

J Raman Spectroscopy

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A ceramic factory with at least three kilns, active from the 14th century until the 17th century, was recently found close to the city walls of Parma (Italy). A series of measurements by different techniques was performed on pottery fragments belonging to the first and last production period. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to study the glazes and the painting materials, while time-of-flight neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the ceramic bodies. The bodies are mainly composed by quartz, diopside, Na-and K-rich alkali feldspars, gehlenite, calcite, and silica-alumina glass; the red coloration is due to hematite. The glazes were obtained using a lead-silica glass, with a fictive temperature of about 600 • C. The main pigments were identified. The ceramics were produced from illitic calcareous clays and annealed in an oxidizing atmosphere at an estimated temperature of 900-1000 • C. Different amounts of magnesium in ceramics of the 14th and 17th century suggest the use of different quarries. The white pigment in the 17th century ceramics, showing the Raman spectrum of nearly pure anatase, is due to a titanium-bearing clay.

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Anatase—a pigment in ancient artwork or a modern usurper?

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

The occurrence of a titanium dioxide/silica white pigment on wooden Andean qeros: a cultural and chronological marker

The occurrence of a titanium dioxide/silica white pigment on wooden Andean qeros: a cultural and chronological marker

Porcelain shards from Portuguese wrecks: Raman spectroscopic analysis of marine archaeological ceramics

Multi‐technique investigation of archaeological pottery from Parma (Italy)

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