Anarchism, like most political ideologies, has long been the subject of vigorous dispute regarding its most fundamental ideals. The ideology gets its name from the Greek word
anarchos
, which means “without rulers.” In English, anarchy was used as a term of abuse from at least the sixteenth century, denoting a state of chaos. It was first used in a positive manner by the Frenchman Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon, who described himself as an anarchist in his book
What Is Property?
(1840). Proudhon, together with Russians Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, are widely regarded as the founding fathers of anarchism as a political ideology, although many anarchists trace the tradition back to the Enlightenment philosopher William Godwin and his book
An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness
(1793). As the term's etymology implies, all anarchists stand opposed to political relationships of command and obedience, and reject the idea that some people ought to rule while others obey. Beyond this, however, the disagreements commence. To understand the sources of these disagreements is to understand anarchism as an ideology.