Analyzing Thermal Shrinkage of Fire-Protective Clothing Exposed to Flash Fire

Li, Xiaohui; Lu, Yehu; Zhai, Lina; Wang, Min; Li, Jun; Wang, Yunyi

doi:10.1007/s10694-013-0375-0

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Four boundary conditions were designed to simulate the garment aperture structures and the protective performance were investigated by bench-scale tests in this study. Research based on full-scale manikin tests revealed that garment shrinkage during exposure could greatly reduce the air gap and potentially cause a significant decrease in the performance of thermal-protective clothing [33,43]. Surface area changes could represent the thermal shrinkage of the fire-retardant fabrics [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The internal stresses resulted from the spinning and drawing processing during the fiber formation process tend to relax, and the macromolecule chains tend to retract from extended conformation to random coil when the fabric exposed to heat source, which led to shrinkage in the length direction of the fiber [27,45]. The shrinkage was directly proportional to temperature increases [43,46]. As for Nomex and PBI fiber, the difference of glass transition temperature (T g ) and crystallinity determined the different shrinkage behavior of the fabrics [47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there were space between the fabric and sensor insulating board for the spaced test configuration, and the forces produced by the instrument only presented on the edges of the specimen. Besides, Li et al [43] established a correlation between the air gap size and the thermal shrinkage of the garment based on flame manikin tests and found a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.749 with confidence level of 0.01. This research also indicated that thermal shrinkage was fundamentally related to the force sustained by the fabric and garment due to the body geometry, garment design features and fabric mechanical properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

et al. 2020

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The application of fire-retardant fabrics is essential for providing thermal protective function of the garments. Appropriate clothing design are beneficial for preventing the wearers from skin burn injuries and heat strains simultaneously. The intention of this work was to investigate the effects of clothing ventilation designs on its thermal protective performance by bench-scale tests. Four boundary conditions were designed to simulate the garment aperture structures on fabric level. Tests of thermal shrinkage, mass loss and time-to-second-degree-burns were performed with and without air gap under three heat-flux levels for two kinds of inherently fire-retardant fabrics. The impacts of fabric type, heat-flux level, air gap and boundary condition were analyzed. The presence of a 6.4-mm air gap could improve thermal protective performance of the fabrics, however, the garment openings would decrease this positive effects. More severe thermal aging found for spaced test configuration indicated the importance of balancing the service life and thermal protective performance of the clothing. The findings of this study implied that the characteristics of fabric type, air gap, boundary condition, and their effects on fabric thermal aging should be considered during clothing ventilation designs, to balance the thermal protection and comfort of the protective gear.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

et al. 2020

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“…The inhomogeneous skin model (multilayer skin) was used with 5 heat exposure cases to observe potential differences between the 2 numerical methods for measured heat exposures. The heat intensity profiles from 5 sensors of a manikin test for thermal protective clothing evaluation reported by Li et al were used. Initial conditions of the skin were represented by a linear temperature distribution from the epidermis surface (32.5°C) to the subcutaneous base (33.5°C) as suggested by the ASTM standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on different finite difference methods at skin interface for burn prediction in protective clothing evaluation

Zhai

Camenzind

et al. 2017

Fire and Materials

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Summary For protective clothing evaluation by using the flame engulfment method, a skin burn injury model is required to predict burn degree of the covered skin. By applying finite difference methods, 2 numerical methods are compared. One is based on equivalent heat intensity; the other is based on the law of conservation of energy. In this study, skin temperature rise is compared between these 2 methods by using homogeneous skin properties as well as the analytical solutions. Differences between these 2 methods in application of measured heat exposure tests data are also explored. The results show that assuming equivalent heat intensity at the skin layer interfaces overestimates severity of burn injury. Burn injury time is sensitive to the investigated numerical methods, especially for third‐degree burns. The differences of the 2 methods can be reduced by optimization of the grid size using the test cases described in ASTM F1930. A detailed description of requirements regarding applicable numerical methods in future revisions of the relevant standards is recommended. The finite difference model applied in this paper can act as an effective tool to predict temperature distribution in the skin as well as predict burn injury for evaluation of thermal protective clothing.

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“…Hareket ettirilebilir yanan bir mankende yapılan ölçümlerde en fazla ısıl büzülmenin giysinin kol ve bacak kısımlarında oluştuğu ve ayrıca giysinin arka kısmında ön kısmına göre daha fazla büzülme gerçekleştiği gözlenmiştir. Giysilerin beden büyüklü-ğündeki artışın büzülmeyi arttırdığı belirlenmiş ve hava boşluk boyutu ve ısıl büzülme arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı 0.749 olarak tespit edilmiştir [52]. Isıl büzülme hava boşlukları boyunca ısı transferini etkileyerek giysinin termal koruma performansını azaltmakta ve deride yanıkların artmasına sebep olabilmektedir [17].…”

Section: Tekstil Ve Mühendisunclassified

Termal Koruyucu Giysilerin Koruma Performansı Üzerinde Hava Boşluklarının Etkisi

Atasağun¹

2016

J Text Eng

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Analyzing Thermal Shrinkage of Fire-Protective Clothing Exposed to Flash Fire

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

Study on different finite difference methods at skin interface for burn prediction in protective clothing evaluation

Termal Koruyucu Giysilerin Koruma Performansı Üzerinde Hava Boşluklarının Etkisi

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