Analyzing the surfactant classification confusion through the HLD formulation equation

Salager, Jean‐Louis; Graciaa, Alain; Márquez, Ronald

doi:10.1016/j.jciso.2022.100060

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…More information about the meaning of this equation can be found in the original proposal and recent reviews, including its normalized presentation. 67−69 The HLD N (eq 2) obtained by dividing HLD/K allows for normalization of the parameters related to the surfactant head, i.e., salinity, temperature, and surfactant parameter, to the same scale 70 (2)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other instances, it is also called the surfactant "characteristic" parameter, 71−73 although it is not totally characteristic nor a "curvature", as recently proven. 70 The important feature is that the equation is a linear variation of several variables that can characterize a petroleum field (salinity, oil nature, and temperature) and, thus, allow for the prediction of the required surfactant parameter to attain an optimum formulation. This is crucial in not only EOR but also emulsion-breaking processes since it was shown in the early 1980s 74−80 that the HLD = 0 formulation corresponds to an extremely low emulsion stability, i.e., the optimum situation to break water-in-crude oil emulsions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This last parameter is calculated as the surfactant contribution at a reference state (given S , ACN, and T ). More information about the meaning of this equation can be found in the original proposal and recent reviews, including its normalized presentation. − The HLD N (eq ) obtained by dividing HLD/ K allows for normalization of the parameters related to the surfactant head, i.e., salinity, temperature, and surfactant parameter, to the same scale HLD N = K S ⁡ ln ⁡ S * − ACN + K t T + SCP = 0 where the surfactant-related parameter is called the surfactant contribution parameter (SCP). In other instances, it is also called the surfactant “characteristic” parameter, − although it is not totally characteristic nor a “curvature”, as recently proven .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More information about the meaning of this equation can be found in the original proposal and recent reviews, including its normalized presentation. − The HLD N (eq ) obtained by dividing HLD/ K allows for normalization of the parameters related to the surfactant head, i.e., salinity, temperature, and surfactant parameter, to the same scale HLD N = K S ⁡ ln ⁡ S * − ACN + K t T + SCP = 0 where the surfactant-related parameter is called the surfactant contribution parameter (SCP). In other instances, it is also called the surfactant “characteristic” parameter, − although it is not totally characteristic nor a “curvature”, as recently proven . The important feature is that the equation is a linear variation of several variables that can characterize a petroleum field (salinity, oil nature, and temperature) and, thus, allow for the prediction of the required surfactant parameter to attain an optimum formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth noting that a low emulsion stability formulation is also important in EOR processes because a low interfacial tension favors the production of small drop emulsions that, if stable, could be viscous and, thus, difficult to flow in the porous reservoir. Equations and have been expressed similarly for non-ionic surfactants in slightly different terms, which can be found elsewhere in the literature. − Furthermore, the HLD equation was extended by introducing effects of other variables, like the pressure, an important parameter to study petroleum reservoirs, , located 3000 m downhole or like the pH in alkaline injection. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 10. Experimental Evidence from a Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensor and an Oscillating Spinning Drop Interfacial Rheometer

et al. 2023

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The presence of asphaltenes in crude oil is a key factor in stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions. Changes in asphaltene aggregation have a definite effect on the formation of an elastic and highly resistant film that stabilizes such emulsions. Herein, we report asphaltene aggregation changes using two different methods. First, with a quartz crystal resonator sensor, clear changes in the resonant parameters (Δf n and ΔΓ n ) of the quartz sensor fully immersed in a heavy crude oil + cyclohexane solution were observed when the asphaltene concentration in the solution reached approximately 1000 ppm. Second, using an oscillating spinning drop interfacial rheometer, a distinct discontinuity of the trend of the optimum formulation is found when the asphaltene content C A attains this threshold value. The formulation variation was obtained by two kinds of scans, which were shown to be equivalent: an increase in water salinity for an anionic surfactant-containing system and an ethylene oxide number (EON) decrease of a non-ionic surfactant. In both cases, the hydrophilic surfactant was used as a demulsifier in a fixed concentration C D. It is seen that the variation of the asphaltene concentration C A generates an unexpected sudden change at the interface, according to Winsor’s affinity ratio R and hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) premises about the compensation of the effect of asphaltenes by a formulation variable change. These newly reported results happening around C A = 1000 ppm could help to further understand how the asphaltene aggregation models and the HLD equation can be tools for the formulator to find fast and efficient answers to crude oil dewatering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 10. Experimental Evidence from a Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensor and an Oscillating Spinning Drop Interfacial Rheometer

et al. 2023

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Advantages and limitations of different methods to determine the optimum formulation in surfactant–oil–water systems: A review

Marquez,

Ontiveros,

Barrios

et al. 2023

J Surfact & Detergents

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The optimum formulation in a surfactant–oil–water (SOW) system is defined as the physicochemical situation at which the surfactant adsorbed at the interface exhibits exactly equal interactions for both oil and water. Identifying the optimum formulation of SOW systems is crucial in various industrial applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals to cosmetics and to petroleum issues like dehydration and enhanced oil recovery. Multiple techniques are available to identify the optimum formulation, often with its own advantages and limitations. In this comprehensive review, we provide an in‐depth analysis of the systematic use of formulation scans to identify the optimum formulation in SOW systems. We critically assess different methods, including conventional ones, such as phase behavior observation, determination of the minimum interfacial tension from equilibrated systems, and the localization of the minimum emulsion stability using formulation scans. We also mention a new promising technique that can be applied in practice, such as oscillating spinning drop interfacial rheology (OSDIR) as well as others that allow an understanding of some structural features of the domains present in the surfactant‐rich phase in SOW systems. Among these methods, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle scattering (SAXS and SANS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray microcomputed tomography (Micro‐CT), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), can be found in the literature. Finally, we discuss potentially unusual behaviors that can appear in complex systems, thus providing guidance on the selection of the most suitable method tailored to the specific application.

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Surfactants produced from carbohydrate derivatives: Part 2. A review on the value chain, synthesis, and the potential role of artificial intelligence within the biorefinery concept

Marquez,

Ortiz,

Barrios

et al. 2024

J Surfact & Detergents

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This comprehensive and critical review explores the synthesis and applications of carbohydrate‐based surfactants within the biorefinery concept, focusing on biobased sugar‐head molecules suitable for use across several manufacturing sectors, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, household products, detergents, and foods. The main focus relies on sustainable alternatives to conventional surfactants, which could reduce the final manufacturing carbon footprint of several industrial feedstocks and products. A thorough analysis of raw materials, highlighting the significance of feedstock sources, and the current biobased surfactants and rhamnolipid biosurfactants production trends, is presented. Key organic reactions for the production of sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, alkyl polyglycosides, and fatty acid glucamines, such as glycosidation, acylation, and etherification, as well as the production of rhamnolipids through fermentation are described. Given the scarce literature on the characterization of these surfactant types within the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) framework, the surfactant contribution parameter (SCP) in the HLD equation for sugar‐head surfactants is critically assessed. The economic landscape is also discussed, noting the significant growth in the biobased surfactants and biosurfactant market, driven by environmental awareness and regulatory changes, with projections indicating a substantial market increase in the forthcoming years. Finally, the promising potential of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in developing customized surfactant molecules, with optimized properties for targeted applications, is emphasized as a promising avenue for future research.

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Analyzing the surfactant classification confusion through the HLD formulation equation

Cited by 7 publications

References 113 publications

Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 10. Experimental Evidence from a Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensor and an Oscillating Spinning Drop Interfacial Rheometer

Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 10. Experimental Evidence from a Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensor and an Oscillating Spinning Drop Interfacial Rheometer

Advantages and limitations of different methods to determine the optimum formulation in surfactant–oil–water systems: A review

Surfactants produced from carbohydrate derivatives: Part 2. A review on the value chain, synthesis, and the potential role of artificial intelligence within the biorefinery concept

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