Analyzing the Implications of Design Choices in Existing Simulation-Games for Critical Infrastructure Resilience

Laere, Joeri van; Ibrahim, Osama; Larsson, Aron; Olsson, Leif; Johansson, Björn; Gustavsson, Per M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91902-7_2

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Mapping these characteristics of our problem environment contributed to identification of the elements to be simulated in our simulationgame. A second data collection phase aimed at analysing existing simulation-games for critical infrastructure resilience (Laere et al 2017b). Here, six existing simulation-games where analysed in detail with the purpose of understanding how different design choices impact the capabilities of the learning environment and the learning experience of the participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simulation-game to explore collective critical infrastructure resilience

Laere¹,

Berggren²,

Ibrahim³

et al. 2018

Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World

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Resilience of interdependent infrastructures increasingly depends on collaborative responses from actors with diverse backgrounds that may not be familiar with cascade effects into areas beyond their own sector. A simulation-game can enable societal actors to obtain a deeper understanding of the interdependencies between their infrastructures and their respective crisis responses. Following a design science approach, a simulation-game has been developed that combines role-playing simulation and computer simulation. The simulation-game challenges participants to address the interaction between payment disruptions, food and fuel supply, security problems (riots, robberies) and communication challenges (preventing hoarding). A number of crucial design choices were handled while developing the simulation-game. The main design challenges were: How to validate an unthinkable escalation scenario?; How to give the simulation a sufficient level of detail on all aspects and keep the complexity graspable so it can be played instantly?; and How much time should each playing round take?

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simulation-game to explore collective critical infrastructure resilience

Laere¹,

Berggren²,

Ibrahim³

et al. 2018

Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It combines this with an experiential approach, where participants gain experience from exercises and train the ability to be adaptive and respond to a range of partly unexpected circumstances. There has been a growing research interest in training organizations for agility or resilience, mostly focusing on which competencies or abilities should be trained and how training or exercises can stimulate these using simulation [20][21][22][23][24][25], rather than the scenario-based analytical approach that ARC constitutes.…”

Section: Crisis Exercises and Scenario-based Training For Experientia...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Transport System Agility: The Agile Response Capability (ARC) Methodology for Crisis Preparedness

et al. 2022

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Aviation is a highly inter-connected system. This means that a problem in one area may cause effects in other countries or parts of the Air Transport System (ATS). Examples range from local air traffic disruptions to the 2010 volcanic ash crisis. Agility, like resilience, refers to the ability to cope with dynamics and complexity in a flexible manner, by adjusting and adapting performance and the organization of work to fit changing demands. The aim of this work is to help ATS organizations with increasing their agility in the face of crises and challenges. To this end, this article presents the Agile Response Capability (ARC) guidance material. ARC was developed from a literature study and a number of case studies that combined past event analysis, interviews, focus groups, workshops, questionnaires, and exercise observation methodologies. ARC aims to help aviation organizations to set up, run, and evaluate exercises promoting agility to handle disturbances and crises, and to enable structured pro-active and retrospective analysis of scenarios and actual events. The elements and steps of the ARC approach are illustrated and exemplified with data from three case studies. The ARC methodology facilitates more agile and resilient ways of responding to the fundamental and novel surprises that have become almost commonplace in the past decade, and are likely to continue to do so.

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“…There exist several examples where simulation-gaming has been applied to study dependencies between critical infrastructures or the management of critical infrastructures [12][13][14] indicating that this is a viable strategy to study critical infrastructure dynamics and resilience. As discussed in [2] our simulation-game design differs considerably from these other approaches and can thus create new insights on how to study the mitigation of cascading effects of critical infrastructure disruptions that escalate across multiple critical infrastructures.…”

Section: Exploring Collective Critical Infrastructure Resilience In Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In earlier publications of our study, the focus has been on the development of the scenario (i.e. which cascading effects might occur) [1], what important design choices were identified when developing the simulation-game [2] and how they have been handled [3,4]. This publication is the first paper where output of the simulation-games is presented regarding what kind of mitigating actions have been identified and how their combined impact influences the escalation scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Escalation of Cascading Effects of a Payment Disruption Across Other Critical Infrastructures: Lessons Learned in 15 Simulation-Games

Laere

Johansson

Olsson

et al. 2019

Critical Information Infrastructures Security

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A disruption in one critical infrastructure can quickly lead to cascading effects in several other ones. Much research has been done to analyze dependencies between different critical infrastructures, but little is known about how to mitigate escalation and cascading effects across several critical infrastructures, i.e. how to develop collective critical infrastructure resilience. This research presents the results of 15 simulation-games where groups of 6 to 8 field experts from different sectors were challenged to collaboratively manage a disruption in the payment system that quickly affected food distribution, fuel distribution, transport, health care et cetera. Teams discussed possible strategies, which next were implemented in a computer simulation. Teams could influence the sequence of events on 4 decision points during a 10 day scenario, and play the same scenario several times to test alternative solutions. Each simulation-game session lasted a full day. Data analysis involved the recorded team discussions as well as computer simulation logs of the implemented decisions and their impacts. The results show how escalation and the severity of cascading effects largely depends on the quality of the early crisis response and not so much on the initial disruption. Also, it is shown how cross sectorial collaboration is required. Responses where groups focus too much on cascading effects in one area lead too poor overall performance for society at large. Groups tend to overbalance their mitigating strategies initially, until they arrive at a more balanced strategy that covers challenges in several different critical infrastructures from an integral perspective.

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Analyzing the Implications of Design Choices in Existing Simulation-Games for Critical Infrastructure Resilience

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

A simulation-game to explore collective critical infrastructure resilience

A simulation-game to explore collective critical infrastructure resilience

Air Transport System Agility: The Agile Response Capability (ARC) Methodology for Crisis Preparedness

Mitigating Escalation of Cascading Effects of a Payment Disruption Across Other Critical Infrastructures: Lessons Learned in 15 Simulation-Games

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