Analyzing the Effect of Remittance Transfer on Socioeconomic Well-Being of Left-Behind Parents: a Study of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)

Ariadi, Septi; Saud, Muhammad; Ashfaq, Asia

doi:10.1007/s12134-018-0632-7

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thus it would be important for future studies to determine whether transnationalism affects more vulnerable migrants similarly or differently compared to economic and family sponsored migrants. Moreover, although studies examining the health and well-being outcomes of children and family left-behind exist, we found no literature that simultaneously examined the impact of transnationalism on health and wellbeing of migrants and their family back home [95][96][97].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A scoping review on the measurement of transnationalism in migrant health research in high-income countries

et al. 2021

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Background Migrants commonly maintain transnational ties as they relocate and settle in a new country. There is a growing body of research examining transnationalism and health. We sought to identify how transnationalism has been defined and operationalized in migrant health research in high income countries and to document which populations and health and well-being outcomes have been studied in relation to this concept. Methods We conducted a scoping review using the methodology recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). We searched nine electronic databases; no time restrictions were applied. Studies published in English or French in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Studies were eligible if they included a measure of transnationalism (or one of its dimensions; social, cultural, economic, political and identity ties and/or healthcare use) and examined health or well-being. Results Forty-seven studies, mainly cross-sectional designs (81%), were included; almost half were conducted in the United States. The majority studied immigrants, broadly defined; 23% included refugees and/or asylum-seekers while 36% included undocumented migrants. Definitions of transnationalism varied according to the focus of the study and just over half provided explicit definitions. Most often, transnationalism was defined in terms of social connections to the home country. Studies and measures mainly focused on contacts and visits with family and remittance sending, and only about one third of studies examined and measured more than two dimensions of transnationalism. The operationalization of transnationalism was not consistent and reliability and validity data, and details on language translation, were limited. Almost half of the studies examined mental health outcomes, such as emotional well-being, or symptoms of depression. Other commonly studied outcomes included self-rated health, life satisfaction and perceived discrimination. Conclusion To enhance comparability in this field, researchers should provide a clear, explicit definition of transnationalism based on the scope of their study, and for its measurement, they should draw from validated items/questions and be consistent in its operationalization across studies. To enhance the quality of findings, more complex approaches for operationalizing transnationalism (e.g., latent variable modelling) and longitudinal designs should be used. Further research examining a range of transnationalism dimensions and health and well-being outcomes, and with a diversity of migrant populations, is also warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A scoping review on the measurement of transnationalism in migrant health research in high-income countries

et al. 2021

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“…Parents traditionally rely on their children for personal care and financial support in every culture, for instance, the culture in Asian countries (Adhikari et al 2011). A similar situation found in Pakistan (one of the Asian countries) where parents generally rely on their male children for their whole life; however, when they migrate to other nations and parents start living alone, and it generates diverse problems for left-behind parents (Fellmeth et al 2018, Ariadi et al 2019. These are the traditional rules of the Southeast Asian states (Jeffery 1996) and demand that the male children are behind the monetary contribution, while the daughters-in-law are responsible for providing care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The effects of global migration of male children on left-behind parents’ family and social life: The case of Pakistan

Ashfaq

2020

MKP

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As a human phenomenon, international migration has been affecting societies politically, economically, and socially for a more extended period. The present study tried to investigate the trends of international migration and their effects on the social life of the elderly parents left behind by their children, who at this age need love, care, support, and time from their children. The study adopted a quantitative research design by surveying three cities: Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, chosen based on many international migration trends in these regions. A sample of 94 respondents drawn using a snowball sampling technique. The results were gathered through a questionnaire and analyzed statistically. The results show that most parents reported that their social contacts have changed in their children's presence as they get busy with their children. The study finds international migration as affecting the social life (Activities of Daily Life or ADL) of elderly parents. Moreover, many respondents stated that their relatives’ attitude was amiable, caring, and respectable in their children's absence. Lastly, a more significant number of respondents agreed that their food and sleep habit changed to tremendous and some extent in their kids’ presence. This research concludes that parents need support from their kids and assume themselves as dependents in their aging stage.

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“…Despite the distance, children who migrate often support their older parents in their home country, thereby fulfilling filial responsibilities (Miyawaki and Hooyman 2021). The money received from migrant children also supports increased healthcare expenditure (Amuedo-Dorantes and Pozo 2011) and improved family access to healthcare (Ariadi, Saud, and Ashfaq 2019;Hoermann and Kollmair 2009), supporting better health outcomes (Kuhn, Everett, and Silvey 2011;Cao et al 2019), including mental health, and minimizing the negative mental health outcomes related to poor physical health. Studies have demonstrated that rather than being passive receivers of remittances, older people in migrant-sending families actively provide family support (Földes 2016), care for their left-behind grandchildren (Teerawichitchainan and Low 2021), and manage the remittances received (Vullnetari and King 2011).…”

Section: Migration's Impact On Left-behind Older Parentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and International Migration and the Mental Health of “Left-Behind” Older Parents

Thapa

Visentin

Kornhaber

et al. 2023

International Migration Review

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Despite evidence of the impact of adult children's migration on left-behind older parents, the comparison of left-behind older parents’ mental health and psychological well-being between internal and international migration is limited. This article examines how the relationship between adult children's migration and parent's mental health differs according to the migrant's destination — only internal migration, only international migration, or hybrid migration (at least one child who migrated internally and at least one child who migrated internationally). Drawing on a 2019 cross-sectional population-based survey of 697 left-behind older adults (≥ 60 years) in Nepal, we assessed the mental health of older parents, using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and a range of socio-demographic, health, lifestyle, and child-related characteristics. Multilevel mixed-method linear regression was performed to examine the effect of adult children's migration on left-behind older parents’ depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Results showed that parents whose children had all migrated internationally were at higher risk of mental health problems, particularly anxiety and stress, compared to parents whose children had all migrated internally. Older parents from the hybrid group (having both internal and international migrant adult children) had higher levels of anxiety, compared to parents whose children had all migrated internally, with no significant difference in depression and stress symptoms. Further, mothers of internationally migrated children were at higher risk of mental health symptoms than fathers. Interventions aiming to improve left-behind older parents’ mental health and psychological well-being should specifically target parents whose children have migrated internationally.

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Analyzing the Effect of Remittance Transfer on Socioeconomic Well-Being of Left-Behind Parents: a Study of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

A scoping review on the measurement of transnationalism in migrant health research in high-income countries

A scoping review on the measurement of transnationalism in migrant health research in high-income countries

The effects of global migration of male children on left-behind parents’ family and social life: The case of Pakistan

Internal and International Migration and the Mental Health of “Left-Behind” Older Parents

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