Analyzing Linguistic Data

Baayen, R. Harald

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511801686

Cited by 2,765 publications

(599 citation statements)

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“…Following Kulik, Muniz, Mundry, and Widdig (2012), to control for this nonindependence, we used a repeated random selection of all events. We used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM; Baayen, 2008) with binomial error structure and logit link function ('lmer'; Bates, Maechler, & Bolker, 2012). To establish the significance of the full model we used a likelihood ratio test, comparing the deviance with that of the null model comprising only the intercept and random effects; the full and null model were compared using the R-function anova (R Development Core Team, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male social bonds and rank predict supporter selection in cooperative aggression in wild Barbary macaques

Young¹,

Majolo²,

Schülke³

et al. 2014

Animal Behaviour

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Highlights• Wild male Barbary macaques formed stable, strong, differentiated social bonds.• Strong bonds endured even through intensely competitive mating seasons.• Rank and bond strength predicted which bystander males were recruited to coalitions.• Males rejected recruitment from weakly bonded and low-ranked recruiters.• Supporter selection is based on two independent criteria. Cooperation in coalitions against coresident males has been shown to increase male reproductive success directly via increased mating success (levelling coalitions) or indirectly via increased dominance success (rank-changing coalitions). Two mechanisms guiding coalitionary supporter selection have been proposed. First, supporter selection may depend on the supporters available, whereby an animal chooses the highest ranking supporter present to maximize their chance of winning. Second, males may also select supporters based on the strength of the social bond they share with them. Different studies on male Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus, have produced support for both mechanisms but crucial assumptions and predictions remained untested. The aim of this study was to test predictions derived for both mechanisms after establishing whether Barbary macaque males formed social bonds. We observed two wild groups of macaques in Morocco (>2000 h focal animal data) and recorded the identity of males recruited to join a coalition, of all bystanders, and of the coalitionary target. We demonstrate for the first time that male Barbary macaques formed strong, equitable social bonds that were stable for 2 years. Corroborating earlier studies we found that males selected supporters by more than one criterion, namely by the strength of their social bonds to the potential ally and by their dominance rank position among potential supporters. The animals who received recruitment signals were more likely to reject the recruitment invitation the weaker their social bond to the recruiter was and if the target was higher ranking than the recruiter. In a subset in which we examined only levelling coalitions that would flatten the mating skew, males only used the mechanism that would maximize the feasibility of the coalition by more frequently selecting the highest ranked bystander. These results suggest that males flexibly apply different criteria for supporter selection depending on the context of the conflict. Keywords bystander; coalition; Macaca sylvanus; male-male competition; recruitment; social bonds Social relationships among animals living in stable social groups are competitive as well as affiliative, since group members compete for access to resources while establishing social bonds with both kin and nonkin (Cords, 1997, Hinde, 1976, Hinde, 1983, Massen et al., 2010, Silk, 2005and Silk, 2007. If dyadic affiliative relationships are differentiated within a social group, those relationships that are characterized by high frequencies of affiliative interactions, a relatively balanced directionality of exchange and temporal stability can be construed as...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male social bonds and rank predict supporter selection in cooperative aggression in wild Barbary macaques

Young¹,

Majolo²,

Schülke³

et al. 2014

Animal Behaviour

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“…LME models were calculated to estimate the fixed Model fitting was performed in a step-wise fashion, starting with the most complex model that included the full factorial set of random effects (random slope-adjustment for Remnant Congruency, Context and the Interaction for both random effects Participant and Item). During model fitting, the complex models were trimmed down in a step-wise fashion using log-likelihood tests for model comparisons (see Baayen, 2008;Baayen, Davidson, & Bates, 2008). Slope-adjustments were kept in the models if the models fitted the data better than the less complex models.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing contextual and lexical cues to focus: Evidence from eye movements in reading

Sauermann

Filik

Paterson

2013

Language and Cognitive Processes

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Three eye movement experiments investigated the interaction between contextual and lexical focus cues during reading. Context was used to focus on either the indirect or direct object of a double object construction, which was followed by a remnant continuation that formed either a congruous or incongruous contrast with the contextually-focused object. Experiment 1 demonstrated that remnants were more difficult to process when incongruous with the contextually-focused constituent, indicating that context was effective in specifying focus. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the interaction between context and lexical focus arising from the particle only which specifies focus on the subsequent adjacent element. When only preceded both objects (Experiment 2), the conflict between lexical and contextual focus cues disrupted processing of the remnant element and was resolved in favor of the contextually-focused element. However, when only was placed between both objects (Experiment 3), cue-conflict disrupted processing earlier in the sentence, but did not appear to be fully resolved during on-line sentence processing. These findings reveal that the interplay between contextual and lexical cues to focus is important for establishing focus structure during on-line sentence processing.

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“…Since these points are likely to have an undue influence on the model fits, points with residuals more than 3 SD from the origin were excluded (voiced: 28 points; voiceless: 35 points) (Baayen 2008). The models were then refitted to the trimmed datasets, with the result that the residual distributions were brought closer to normality.…”

Section: Procedures and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The condition number of the model matrix was 6.8 for voiced stops and 7.3 for voiceless stops, indicating a low level of collinearity between predictors, unlikely to affect model results (Belsley et al 1980;Baayen 2008). 8 The (Pearson) correlation between fitted values and log(VOT) was r ¼ 0.693 for the voiced model and r ¼ 0.733 for the voiceless model (r 2 ¼ 0.480, 0.537).…”

Section: Procedures and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The private life of stops: VOT in a real-time corpus of spontaneous Glaswegian

Stuart‐Smith

Sonderegger

Rathcke

et al. 2015

Laboratory Phonology

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While voice onset time (VOT) is known to be sensitive to a range of phonetic and linguistic factors, much less is known about VOT in spontaneous speech, since most studies consider stops in single words, in sentences, and/or in read speech. Scottish English is typically said to show less aspirated voiceless stops than other varieties of English, but there is also variation, ranging from unaspirated stops in vernacular speakers to more aspirated stops in Scottish Standard English; change in the vernacular has also been suggested. This paper presents results from a study which used a fast, semi-automated procedure for analyzing positive VOT, and applied it to stressed syllable-initial stops from a real-and apparent-time corpus of naturally-occurring spontaneous Glaswegian vernacular speech. We confirm significant effects on VOT for place of articulation and local speaking rate, and trends for vowel height and lexical frequency. With respect to time, our results are not consistent with previous work reporting generally shorter VOT in elderly speakers, since our results from models which control for local speech rate show lengthening over real-time in the elderly speakers in our sample. Overall, our findings suggest that VOT in both voiceless and voiced stops is lengthening over the course of the twentieth century in this variety of Scottish English. They also support observations from other studies, both from Scotland and beyond, indicating that gradient shifts along the VOT continuum reflect subtle sociolinguistic control.

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Analyzing Linguistic Data

Cited by 2,765 publications

References 0 publications

Male social bonds and rank predict supporter selection in cooperative aggression in wild Barbary macaques

Male social bonds and rank predict supporter selection in cooperative aggression in wild Barbary macaques

Processing contextual and lexical cues to focus: Evidence from eye movements in reading

The private life of stops: VOT in a real-time corpus of spontaneous Glaswegian

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