Analytical Techniques for Blood-Lead Measurements

Determination of Lead in Blood and Urine by SPME/GC

“…A 15-mL heparin tube (Vacutainer) was used for blood collection, and a 17-mL polypropylene tube (Simport Ltd.) was used for blood sample storage. TCA (5%) precipitation was used to release lead from the erythrocytes rather than hemolysis or acid digestion was much more convenient; it did not require any extra equipment, could be performed in any laboratory and was easy to adapt for field analysis.…”

“…Methods used for the determination of lead in biological materials include atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), neutron activation analysis (NAA), spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) . Techniques such as SSMS, XRF, and γ-activation analysis are too expensive for most laboratories, and some are too slow such as SSMS, or too insensitive such as XRF, for routine use . AAS, GF-AAS, ASV, and DPASV are the most frequently used because of their sensitivity, relatively low cost, speed, simplicity of operation, and minimum maintenance requirements .…”

Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans

“…Greifer et al (1972) reviewed and evaluated the analytical methods for determining levels of lead in formulations such as paint and building materials; and Harrison & Perry (1977) have described methods for determining tetraalkyllead compounds in air. Pierce et al (1976) and Delves (1977) Table 5. Abbreviations are: AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry; AES, atomic emission spectrometry; FAAS, flameless atomic absorption spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry;…”