Analytical sonochemistry: a review

Abstract

observed that the procedure involving ultrasound gave higher yields after 5 min exposure than it did with longer exposures of 10 to 15 min; this fact could be the result of degradation increasing with exposure time.Regarding the extraction of inorganic species, ultrasonic exposure of cations from soil using diluted HNO, has been studied and compared with conventional shaking methods. The concentration of extracted cations is independent of the intensity of the ultrasonic radiation and dependent upon the reaction temperature and irradiation time. The time needed is always shorter than that required by shaking methods; and the reproducibility of the results depends on the ease with which the temperature can be controlled. Extraction of cationic species from plants by use of HC1 and ultrasound, with atomic absorption spectrometry or flame emission detection is more accurate than the dry ashing method [11]. A major improvement in the extraction of phosphate raw materials and P-containing fertilizers is achieved when ultrasound rather than mechanical mixing is used [12].

Extraction Techniques for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils

“…Although some studies reported that this method was comparable to the Soxhlet technique, the results obtained using mechanical shaking showed larger variations and less selectivity due to the difficulty in quantifying the PAH extracts [ 12 , 17 ]. Comparable results were only attainable with long shaking times to extend the contact time with solvent [ 18 , 19 ].…”

An introductory laboratory class in sonochemistry

“…Electroanalytical chemistry (for example, allowing improvement in stripping voltammetry). [12] , [13] , [14] Polymer Ultrasound may affect the properties, such as molecular weight, of synthesized polymers and increase the rates of early-stage reactions. [15] Food In food processing, ultrasound allows the decrease of processing and extraction time, the amount of solvents and energy used, unit operations, and CO 2 emissions.…”