Analytical Samples

Lappas, Nicholas T.; Lappas, Courtney M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00008-6

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Regardless the format, it is key to the successful collection and consequent toxicological result to have necessary sample containers, to ensure that they are adequately labelled and that chain of custody is respected. The following topics could be highlighted [ 1 , 2 , 11 , 12 , 26 ]: Biological fluids can be collected using either wide-bore pipettes or disposable hypodermic syringes with appropriate needle gauges and lengths [ 2 ]; contamination may be introduced if metal scalpels or needles are used for collection and metal analysis is subsequently performed; containers should be new and preferably rinsed with distilled water and sterilized before use, unless the manufacturer's states it unnecessary; separate containers should be used to accommodate different samples and plastic (especially polypropylene) with screw caps is useful in the majority of cases since it does not break, especially during frozen. If volatile xenobiotics (e.g.…”

Section: Kits: Containers Labelling and Toxicological Request Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…blood ethanol concentrations) may occur, even in vitro [ 30 ]. In the following topics it is highlighted general procedures for sample preservation and storage [ 1 , 2 , 11 , 12 , 26 ]: Samples should be stored in tightly sealed containers at 4 °C (short-term) or at −20 °C or preferably at −80 °C (long-term); exceptions to this include hair and nail, which are stable at room temperature; hair samples should be stored at room temperature; if plasma or serum is needed for analysis, these are separated before blood frozen; sodium (or potassium) fluoride preservation of blood with a final concentration of 1%–5% by weight is mandatory for peripheral blood and facultative for other blood samples (e.g. blood clots and blood from thoracic or abdominal cavities).…”

Section: Sample Preservation and Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for Collection of Biological Samples for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Dinis-Oliveira

Vieira

Magalhães

2016

Forensic Sciences Research

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This article aims to review general procedures for sampling of routinely collected as well as on alternative samples that may provide additional information regarding intoxication. These approaches may be applied whenever sample collection for clinical and forensic toxicology is required and should be considered as general guidelines that must be adapted to each specific case. It is expected that this article will help toxicologists and other forensic experts to accomplish their mission, since the toxicological result is first influenced by the quality and quantity of the sample available for analysis. These guidelines were approved by the European Council of Legal Medicine.

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Section: Kits: Containers Labelling and Toxicological Request Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preservation and Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for Collection of Biological Samples for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Dinis-Oliveira

Vieira

Magalhães

2016

Forensic Sciences Research

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“…Samples IF4 and IF5 had the lowest pH of 6.5 while sample IF1 had the highest pH of 6.9 and was comparable to pH of fresh human colostrum [16]. All pH results were within the range of fresh transitional and mature breast milk, which was 6.35-7.35 according to Lappas and Lappas [17]. The total titratable acidity (TTA) of the infant formula samples ranged between 0.05±0.01 % to 0.07±0.00 % of lactic acid.…”

Section: Physicochemical Properties Of Selected Samplesmentioning

confidence: 75%

Nutritional and microbial quality of selected commercially available powdered infant formula during the Covid-19 pandemic

Ajayi,

Okiti

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Recently, there has been a shortage of baby formula due to the COVID-19-related supply chain, unsanitary conditions, and contamination in the manufacturing company. There is genuine concern that contaminated baby formulas may have been inadvertently imported worldwide. For this purpose, five commercially available infant formulas were selected and coded as IF1, IF2, IF3, IF4, and IF5. Physicochemical, nutritional compositions, toxic element (Pb), microbial content, and identification of isolates in the infant formula were determined using standard methods. The pH and total titratable acidity ranged from 6.50±0.00 to 6.90±0.0 and 0.05±0.01 to 0.07±0.00 %, respectively. Moisture, ash, and protein ranged from 2.4±0.1 to 8.00±0.3 %; 1.9±0.01 to 2.7±0.4 %; 1.8±0.0 to 3.8±0.3 %, respectively. Crude fat ranged from 22.0±0.0 to 28.30±0.0 %, and fibre was not detected. Toxic element Pb was detected in all the samples, ranging from 1.2±0.1 to 13.51±0.9 mg/kg. Microbial counts ranged from 2.0×10 to 8.0×104 CFU/g for total viable, enterobacteriaceae 3.0×104 to 13.5×105 CFU/g; staphylococcal 5×103 to 1.0×104 CFU/g and fungal 1.1×10 to 2.4×105 CFU/g. Although the standard is that no pathogen should be in infant formula, several were identified including Klebsiella spp., Escherichia spp., and Staphylococcus spp. In conclusion, the nutritional composition obtained correlated with the product description. Manufacturers should work assiduously on taking steps to ensure the safety of their products by limiting the level of toxic elements and microbial contaminants which negatively affect the health of infants.

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“…The vitreous body is a clear transparent hydrogel in various species and consists, more or less, of identical extracellular matrix components. It contains a very high amount of water (98–99%) and traces of hyaluronic acid, glucose, ions and collagen [(11–16)⋅10 −3 %) 29 – 31 . Hyaluronic acid and collagen are the major components of the fiber matrix and responsible for the gel-like structure of the vitreous body; these components are, however, not homogeneously distributed 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A promising approach in laser vitrectomy executed by plasma-mediated removal of vitreous body via a diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

Uthoff

Oravecz

Kuehnl

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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To examine the applicability of plasma-mediated vitreous body removal, a diode-pumped Q-switched Neodymium:YAG laser was used for a possible application in eye surgery/vitrectomy. On a total of 1500 porcine vitreous bodies, removal rates were evaluated by comparing different LaserVit-tip designs (Mark I/II Gauge 19 and Mark III Gauge 22). The Nd:YAG laser, operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm and a pulse duration of 4 ns, was utilized for vitreous body removal with respective settings of 2, 3 and 4 mJ and pulse repetition rates (cut rates) from 5 to 25 Hz (300–1500 /min) in 5 Hz-steps as well as for 100 Hz (6000 cuts/min). The exposure times were selected at 10, 20, 40 and 60 s, respectively. Comparative measurements were carried out with mechanical cutters (Gauge 20 and Gauge 23), applying a fixed cut rate of 800 /min (13.33 Hz) at identical exposure times. The LaserVit-tips showed successful vitreous body removal for all laser settings and exposure times (Mark I: 6.2 g/min, Mark II: 8.2 g/min at 1500 cuts/min and 3 mJ, Mark II: 10.1 g/min, Mark III: 3.6 g/min at 6000 cuts/min at 3 mJ). Similar tip-dimensions (Gauge 22laser and Gauge 23cutter) showed comparable removal rates of 3.6 g/minlaser and 1.3 g/mincutter with settings of 6000 cuts/min at 3 mJ (laser) and 800 cuts/min for the mechanical cutter. A diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser can successfully and gently remove vitreous body. The efficiency of the laser was comparable to that of mechanical cutters in terms of quantity of material removed per time unit.

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Analytical Samples

Cited by 9 publications

References 136 publications

Guidelines for Collection of Biological Samples for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Guidelines for Collection of Biological Samples for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Nutritional and microbial quality of selected commercially available powdered infant formula during the Covid-19 pandemic

A promising approach in laser vitrectomy executed by plasma-mediated removal of vitreous body via a diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

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