Analytical procedure for the concomitant analysis of 242 polar and non-polar organic compounds of different functional groups in fog water

The Chemical Landscape of Leaf Surfaces and Its Interaction with the Atmosphere

“…248−250 Rain also contains POPs like perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organophosphate esters, and PAHs in tens to hundreds of ng L −1 (cumulative concentrations for each class, summarized by Casas et al 251 and Guo et al 252 ). Likewise, PAHs, nitrosamines, nitrophenols, pesticides, and other anthropogenic chemicals have been detected in fog and cloudwater (reviewed by Herckes et al 248 ), with individual compounds in concentrations ranging from hundreds of ng L −1 to tens of mg L −1 (e.g., Khoury et al 253 ). Particulate matter is also found in hydrometeors, although its contribution to the total carbon budget is minimal�it ranges from negligible to 35% depending on location, time of the year, and occurrence of specific events.…”

“…Formic and acetic acid have been ubiquitously detected in rain, fog, and cloudwater in concentrations that are relevant for the total organic carbon budget. − Less abundant low-molecular-weight compounds include organic acids, such as oxalic, lactic, malonic, and succinic acids; carbonyls like formaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal; amino acids; and levoglucosan. − Rain also contains POPs like perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organophosphate esters, and PAHs in tens to hundreds of ng L –1 (cumulative concentrations for each class, summarized by Casas et al and Guo et al). Likewise, PAHs, nitrosamines, nitrophenols, pesticides, and other anthropogenic chemicals have been detected in fog and cloudwater (reviewed by Herckes et al), with individual compounds in concentrations ranging from hundreds of ng L –1 to tens of mg L –1 (e.g., Khoury et al). Particulate matter is also found in hydrometeors, although its contribution to the total carbon budget is minimalit ranges from negligible to 35% depending on location, time of the year, and occurrence of specific events. ,, These insoluble particles include black carbon, , primary biogenic particles (e.g., bacteria, pollen, fungal spores), soot (including elemental carbon), soil minerals particles, and microplastics. − …”

Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021

“…Field blanks were taken continuously after cleaning the collector to ensure the absence of any contamination during the sampling period. More details about the collection procedure are found in the work of Khoury et al [12,36]. Table S1 in the Supplementary Materials shows the sampling information of the different samples.…”

“…Samples are analyzed for their potential contamination in 22 PCBs and 16 PAHs analyzed by GC-MS/MS. The analytical procedure used for the analysis is based on the work of Khoury et al for the residual analysis of organic compounds in fogwater [12]. The validation parameters for PAHs and PCBs along with the internal standard mixture are shown in Tables S2-S6 in the Supplementary Materials.…”

“…Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as PAHs and PCBs, are amongst the organic species that can be scavenged by fogwater [12,13]. POPs are highly stable and longlasting and may persist in the atmosphere for extended periods of time compared to other toxins [14].…”