Analytical platforms to assess the authenticity of cocoa butter

Ulberth, Franz; Buchgraber, Manuela

doi:10.1002/ejlt.200390003

Cited by 39 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…For CN50 at a level of 16.1% a RSD R of 7.9% was obtained, while it was 3.5% for the TG fraction POP in this study. RSD R for CN52 and CN54 present in amounts of 41.8% and 31.1% were 3.2% and 4.2%, respectively [26]. For POS and SOS more or less the same RSD R were obtained (3.5% and 4.3% respectively) in the present study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The participants were asked to optimise their instrumental parameters in order to achieve maximum response for the 5 main TG fractions POP, POS, POO, SOS and SOO. Together those 5 TGs make up approximately 85-90% of the TG profile of CB and CBEs [26]. In an earlier study, the authors found that the carrier gas flow-rate had a significant influence on the recovery of TGs, while the rate of temperature programming and the final column temperature did not influence the detector response [20].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Capillary GLC: a robust method to characterise the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter — results of an intercomparison study

Buchgraber

Ulberth

Anklam

2003

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Capillary GLC: a robust method to characterise the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter -results of an intercomparison studyThe results of a method intercomparison study, in which 13 laboratories applied hightemperature capillary GLC on fused-silica columns coated with medium-polarity stationary phases to determine the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter, are reported. The participants did not apply a uniform GLC procedure based on a standard method, but were requested to use their own methodology. However, certain requirements relating to the separation efficiency and the accuracy, had to be fulfilled. The relative standard deviation of the reproducibility was less than 5% for the major triglyceride components of cocoa butter. The results of the present study indicate that neither the type of capillary column employed nor sample injection techniques or other chromatographic conditions influenced to a measurable degree the agreement of results between the participating laboratories. Therefore, we conclude that high-temperature capillary GLC is a robust and reliable technique for the characterisation of cocoa butter by determining its triglyceride pattern.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Capillary GLC: a robust method to characterise the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter — results of an intercomparison study

Buchgraber

Ulberth

Anklam

2003

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Goat fat which is extracted from Capra hircus is cheap and available in Nigeria and with potential for drug delivery applications because of its crystal properties (Attama & Müller-Goymann, 2006). It consists mainly of triglycerides of C16, C18 and C18:1 fatty acids (Ulberth & Buchgraber, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation in vitro and in vivo evaluation of SRMS-based heterolipid-templated homolipid delivery system for diclofenac sodium

2014

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The sole objective of this work was to design successful dosage oral forms of diclofenac sodium (DiNa)-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLM) based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS). Hot homogenization technique was employed to prepare DicNa SLM using a mixture goat fat and Phospholipon® 90 G as lipid matrix and Tween®-80 as mobile surfactant. Characterization based on percentage yield, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, percentage encapsulation, pH and stability of SLMs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sparing effect and pharmacokinetics were carried out in rat model after oral administration. Results showed that the SLMs were spherical and smooth. The optimized formulation (SLM-4) had particle size of 79.40 ± 0.31 µm, polydispersity index of 0.633 ± 0.190, zeta potential of -63.20 ± 0.12 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 91.2 ± 0.1% with good stability after 8 months of storage. The DicNa SLM had sustained release effect with good anti-inflammatory activity. Higher and prolonged plasma DicNa concentration was shown by the SLM-4 compared to pure drug and a conventional sample. These studies demonstrate that DicNa-loaded SLM based on SRMS could be a promising oral formulation for enhanced bioavailability, pharmacologic activity and gastrointestinal sparing effect of the NSAID, DicNa.

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“…Unfermented cocoa bean contains between 120 and 180 g/kg of polyphenolic compounds, with epicatechin being quantitatively the main compound (approximately 35%) . The most common adulterants of cocoa butter are undeclared additions of cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs), cocoa butter substitutes (CBSs), and cocoa butter replacers (CBRs) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data fusion of fluorescence and UV spectroscopies improves the detection of cocoa butter adulteration

Dankowska

2017

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The fraudulent addition of cheaper plant oils to cocoa butter is a real issue for the chocolate industry. The potential of fluorescence and UV and data fusion of these spectroscopies for the detection of cocoa butter adulteration with cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) is investigated here. Principal component regression (PCR) models have been used to calculate the level of adulteration. A classification model has been built with the help of the principal component analysis (PCA) and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The LDA analysis has been applied to fluorescence intensities and UV spectra of cocoa butter, cocoa butter equivalents, and their mixtures in order to examine classification ability. The best prediction ability of adulteration was obtained for PCR data fusion models with the lowest errors of calibration (RMSEC) and validation (RMSEV) of 3.7 and 4.7%. The best performance of the PCA‐LDA analysis has been observed for data fusion of fluorescence and UV intensities measurements at wavelength intervals of 10 and 30 nm. The LDA shows that data fusion can achieve 95.2% correct classifications (sensitivity) in the validation data set, while the corresponding results for individual spectroscopies range from 66.7–90.5%. The results demonstrate that fluorescence and UV spectroscopies complement each other, giving a synergistic effect for the detection of cocoa butter adulteration with cocoa butter equivalents. Practical applications: The aim of this research is to develop a quick and cheap method of discriminating between cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalents. The obtained results are satisfactory for classification of genuine cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalents and for detection of cocoa butter adulterations with cheaper cocoa butter equivalents. The method is an important technical support of public health against profit‐driven practices. Application of fluorescence and UV spectroscopies to the detection of cocoa butter adulteration with cocoa butter equivalent and the synergy between both spectroscopies are investigated. The best prediction ability of MLR models i obtained for the data fusion model with the errors of calibration and validation of 3.7 and 4.7%. Compared to individual spectroscopies, data fusion shows better discrimination ability of PCA‐LDA model with the highest classification accuracy equal 100.0 and 95.2% in the calibration and validation data sets. The results show that fluorescence and UV spectroscopies give a synergistic effect for the detection of cocoa butter adulteration.

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Analytical platforms to assess the authenticity of cocoa butter

Cited by 39 publications

References 72 publications

Capillary GLC: a robust method to characterise the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter — results of an intercomparison study

Capillary GLC: a robust method to characterise the triglyceride profile of cocoa butter — results of an intercomparison study

Formulation in vitro and in vivo evaluation of SRMS-based heterolipid-templated homolipid delivery system for diclofenac sodium

Data fusion of fluorescence and UV spectroscopies improves the detection of cocoa butter adulteration

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