Analytical model of composite inertia control for wind turbine generators participating in frequency regulation

Li, Shenghu; Zhu, Guowei; Huang, Jiejie; Tan, Yun Tiam; Chen, Chen

doi:10.1049/joe.2017.0512

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thus, in vitro biomimetic hydrogel platforms have been crucial in parsing the effects of individual ECM properties (e.g., elastic modulus, ligand density, degradability) on cellular phenotype. 9 Tremendous in vitro efforts have established a paradigm for cell−ECM mechanosensing, whereby substrate stiffness and ligand availability dictate the magnitude and arrangement of intracellular forces, in turn mediating cytoskeletal assembly, cell morphology, and downstream intracellular signaling cascades. 10−13 Cellular morphology (spread area and shape) is implicated in a plethora of cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of which are relevant to disease.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Additionally, reconstituted collagen matrices lack a space-filling proteoglycan component and possess biophysical properties that are difficult to modulate independently (e.g., increasing the concentration of a collagen gel simultaneously increases stiffness, fiber, and ligand density and decreases pore size). 9,17,18 Beyond increasing gel concentration, many techniques have been developed to further modulate collagen properties but are plagued by similar challenges. For example, cold gelation techniques increase fiber diameter and length but alter pore size and fiber stiffness, whereas chemical modifications such as hydrogel cogelation or glycation can alter stiffness but may also impact pore size and gel architecture.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fiber Density Modulates Cell Spreading in 3D Interstitial Matrix Mimetics

Matera

Wang

Smith

et al. 2019

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Cellular phenotype is heavily influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex and tissue-specific three-dimensional structure with distinct biophysical and biochemical properties. As naturally derived cell culture platforms are difficult to controllably modulate, engineered synthetic ECMs have facilitated our understanding of how specific matrix properties direct cell behavior. However, synthetic approaches typically lack fibrous topography, a hallmark of stromal and interstitial ECMs in vivo. To construct tunable biomimetic models with physiologic microstructure, we developed a versatile approach to generate modular fibrous architectures in 3D. Photo-cross-linkable polymers were electrospun, photopatterned into desired lengths, and coencapsulated alongside cells within natural biopolymer, semisynthetic, and synthetic hydrogels. Cells encapsulated within fiber-reinforced hydrogel composites (FHCs) demonstrated accelerated spreading rates compared to in gels lacking such fibrous topography. Furthermore, increases in fiber density at constant bulk hydrogel elastic modulus produced morphologically distinct cell populations and modulated cellular mechanosensing in 3D, as evidenced by increased nuclear localization of the mechanosensitive transcription factor, Yes-associated protein (YAP). This work documents the impact of physical guidance cues in 3D and establishes a novel approach to generating more physiologic tissue-and disease-specific biomimetic models.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Density Modulates Cell Spreading in 3D Interstitial Matrix Mimetics

Matera

Wang

Smith

et al. 2019

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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“…For example in [73], with step variation of wind speed from 8 to 14 and back to 8 by 2 m/s steps, the results of the simplified model are accurate for both steady state and transient response (pitch angle, generator angular speed and power) with a time delay between both models less than 3% of the H constant of type 3 WT. While in [90], for wind speed 8 m/s and 0.1 pu load increasing, the results of the simplified model are accurate with small deviation in rotor speed and F nadir compared with the exact model. In addition to this, the simplified model is used in [91] where v ds , v qs , v dr , v qr are d, q axis stator and rotor voltages (V) respectively; i ds , i qs , i dr , i qr are d, q axis stator and rotor currents (KA) respectively; ds , qs , dr , qr are d, q axis stator and rotor magnetic fluxes (Wb) respectively; R s , R r are stator and rotor resistances ( Ω ) respectively; L s , L r are stator and rotor self inductances (mH) respectively; L m is the mutual inductance between rotor and stator (mH), e and s are the rotational and slip speeds (rad/s) respectively.…”

Section: Modeling Of Wind Energymentioning

confidence: 85%

Computational Methods to Mitigate the Effect of High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources on Power System Frequency Regulation: A Comprehensive Review

El-Bahay

Lotfy

El‐Hameed

2022

Arch Computat Methods Eng

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Depletion of fossil fuel, global warming, and their environmental pollution clarify the importance of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, high penetration of RESs decreases power systems inertia, hence, the system becomes more sensitive to disturbances. This results in problems with frequency control because it increases the rate of change of frequency and may lead to load shedding or tripping of generating units. This paper aims at introducing a comprehensive survey of the effects of the increase in RESs on power system inertia and frequency. Different models of wind-driven and photovoltaic systems used for frequency control studies have been introduced. The up-to-date effective frequency regulation methods which can be used with highly RESs penetrated power systems have been revised and compared. These methods include virtual inertia-based methods depending on energy storage devices, de-loading of renewable energy sources, various inertial response techniques and demand response at load section including under frequency load shedding and electric vehicles. Extensive comparisons among these methods have been carried to guide power system designers, operators, researchers and grid codes taskforces in proper incorporation of RESs for frequency regulation of power systems.

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“…No analysis was done on the influence of wind turbine parameters on frequency response. Similarly, reduced order modelling for choosing parameters of composite inertial control has been carried out in [13]: here, the symbolic form of a transfer function relating the change in system frequency to the change in rotor speed has been developed and analysed from the control effect prediction standpoint. Similarly, simplified DFIG model has been used to develop a non-linear frequency model and non-linear techniques have been used to synthesise an inertial controller in [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing low‐order system frequency response modelling of a future power system with high penetration of wind power plants with frequency support capabilities

Krpan

Kuzle

2018

IET Renewable Power Generation

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Wind power generation has reached a significant share in power systems worldwide and will continue to increase. As the converter-connected generation reduces the grid inertia, more and more interest has been given to exploiting the kinetic energy and controllability of variable-speed wind turbine generators (VSWTGs) for frequency support. Consequently, the grid frequency dynamics are changing. Thus, it is necessary to include the frequency response of wind power plants in the system frequency response (SFR) model. A novel approach to low-order SFR modelling of a future power system with a high share of frequency-support-capable VSWTGs has been presented. Low-order model of VSWTGs with primary frequency response and natural inertial response has been developed considering different wind turbine operating regimes and compared to the nonlinear model for validation. Low-order model has been presented in a symbolic transfer function form. Model accuracy has been discussed and the impact of VSWTG parameters on frequency response has been analysed. The developed model facilitates studying power system frequency dynamics by avoiding the need for modelling complex VSWTG systems, while retaining a satisfying level of accuracy.

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Analytical model of composite inertia control for wind turbine generators participating in frequency regulation

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Fiber Density Modulates Cell Spreading in 3D Interstitial Matrix Mimetics

Fiber Density Modulates Cell Spreading in 3D Interstitial Matrix Mimetics

Computational Methods to Mitigate the Effect of High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources on Power System Frequency Regulation: A Comprehensive Review

Introducing low‐order system frequency response modelling of a future power system with high penetration of wind power plants with frequency support capabilities

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