Analytical Methods Applied to Characterization of Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, and Actinidia eriantha Kiwi Fruit Cultivars

Abstract

In this research, eight kiwi fruit genotypes (six hardy kiwis (Actinidia arguta and their hybrids), one of Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward,' and one of Actinidia eriantha 'Bidan' were examined and compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Proteins were extracted from lyophilized fruits, flesh with seeds, grinded seeds, and singular seeds and then separated by SDS-PAGE. Matrix similarity and dendrogram was generated using Nei coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. Based on protein patterns, Actinidia species were clearly distinguishable, whereas differences between hardy kiwi fruit cultivars were minor or nondetectable.The electrophoretical separations were able to distinguish a half of hardy kiwi fruit cultivars, so cluster analysis revealed a limited number of cultivar groups. Intervarietal polymorphism was low and this affected the results of similarity analysis. One distinct cluster, composed of two pairs of cultivars and identical by protein patterns, was obtained. Cultivars 'Ananasnaya' and 'Weiki,' according to the morphological description, were similar. Oppositely, 'M 1 ' cultivar significantly differed from other hardy kiwi cultivars by densitometrical bands intensity. All examined singular seeds of 'Ananasnaya' cultivar possessed identical protein patterns. The protein patterns of 'Bingo' and 'Ananasnaya' hardy kiwi fruits harvested in 2011 and 2013 were identical. Three weeks storage after harvest did not affect the protein composition of these cultivars. FT-IR and NMR spectrum of hardy kiwi fruits were presented and compared with 'Hayward' and 'Bidan' and showed slight differences in comparison with the protein profiles. SDS-PAGE is more applicable than FT-IR and NMR for comparison of different kiwi fruit cultivars. The used analytical methods can be applied to any food analysis in order to distinguish the main compounds and to present fingerprints of different cultivars.

The choice of female or male parent affects some biochemical characteristics of fruit or seed of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta)

“…The Anova significance (male parent, female parent and male 9 female) for all compounds at P value \ 0.001 'Weiki' and 'Geneva' with A. arguta males 'Rubi', 'Nostino' and 'Joker'. This finding can be explained by the high biochemical similarity between A. arguta genotypes used for crossing (Drzewiecki et al 2016). On the other hand, when A. arguta females were crossed with 'Rot' and 'Tomuri' males we could reveal up to three new bands in the protein spectrum.…”

“…The seed protein pattern is recognized as the most suitable approach for distinguishing and identifying crop cultivars (Cooke 1989;Konarev et al 2001). In the case of kiwifruit and other Actinidia species, protein patterns consist of low and middle molecular peptides units in the range of 14-45 kDa (Miraghaee et al 2011;Maddumage et al 2013;Drzewiecki et al 2016). Our previous study revealed that it is difficult to distinguish A. arguta cultivars on the basis of seed protein pattern (Drzewiecki et al 2016).…”

“…The Anova significance (male parent, female parent and male 9 female) for all compounds at P value \ 0.001. Signs: a gallic acid; b chlorogeic acid; c coffeic acid; d Rutinozid-3-Oquercetine; e P-coumaric acid; f Glikozide-3-O-quercetine; g Glikozide-3-O-kempferol; h myrycetin; i luteolin indistinguishable on the basis of seed pattern (Drzewiecki et al 2016).…”

Comparison of fruit morphology and nutrition metabolism in different cultivars of kiwifruit across developmental stages

“…'Kuilv' fruits are smaller than traditional kiwifruit such as 'Hayward' but have a superb flavour and hairless, edible skin, making them convenient to eat (Williams et al, 2003). Moreover, in terms of cultivation, 'Kuilv' can withstand multiple stresses, such as low temperatures of up to −30 • C and pests and diseases, which can reduce the planting costs (Drzewiecki et al, 2016).…”

Foods with Functional Properties and their Potential Uses in Human Health

“…The Actinidia genus includes 66 species, but only four are cultivated for fruit production. Of these, A. deliciosa and A. chinensis are the most accepted by consumers worldwide [58,59]. Here, we will refer to both species indistinctly.…”