Analytical Method to Evaluate Gizzerosine in Fishmeal After Diazonium Derivatization Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Formation and Detection of Gizzerosine in Animal Feed Matrices: Progress and Perspectives

“…The pretreatment process was simplified via acid hydrolysis extraction at room temperature combined with centrifuge and filtration, and established an HPLC based on postcolumn diazonium derivatization with a mean recovery of 96.2%. 61 Several enzymatic treatments with proteases such as pronase, trypsin, and pepsin or their mixtures were used to extract gizzerosine from fish meal pretreated with methanol to extract histamine. However, the results (not shown) were not conclusive.…”

“…However, simple and efficient protocols need to be developed for laboratories evaluating fish meal quality control to solubilize gizzerosine from the protein fraction of the fish meal. The pretreatment process was simplified via acid hydrolysis extraction at room temperature combined with centrifuge and filtration, and established an HPLC based on postcolumn diazonium derivatization with a mean recovery of 96.2% . Several enzymatic treatments with proteases such as pronase, trypsin, and pepsin or their mixtures were used to extract gizzerosine from fish meal pretreated with methanol to extract histamine.…”

“…56 Additionally, the limit of detection and quantification based on the supplemented feed blanks with S/N of 3 was 0.61 mg kg −1 and 1.8 mg kg −1 , respectively. 61 However, this method required gizzerosine derivatization and complicated pretreatment and lacked sensitivity and reproducibility.…”

“…The current detection methods are costly, and synthetic methods of gizzerosine are scarce. 10,11,61 Moreover, the small size of the gizzerosine, and the presence of a rare secondary amine within the molecule complicate its labeling. 23,73,75 Recently, immunoassay technology based on anti-idiotype antibodies that can specifically bind to the antibody via imitating the epitope of the antigen and compete with the binding site of the analyte are used in immunodiagnosis, 79,80 pesticide residue detection, 81 and vaccine development.…”

“…The current detection methods are costly, and synthetic methods of gizzerosine are scarce. ,, Moreover, the small size of the gizzerosine, and the presence of a rare secondary amine within the molecule complicate its labeling. ,, Recently, immunoassay technology based on anti-idiotype antibodies that can specifically bind to the antibody via imitating the epitope of the antigen and compete with the binding site of the analyte are used in immunodiagnosis, , pesticide residue detection, and vaccine development. , The marker of this assay is an easily labeled antibody, which makes the assay independent of hapten availability . The immunization of BALB/c mice with anti-gizzerosine mAb 3H4 conjugated to BC prepares 34 potential anti-idiotype antibodies.…”