We report nonresonant x-ray Raman scattering ͑XRS͒ measurements for the icosahedral boron carbide B 4 C for transferred momentum q from 1 to 9 Å Ϫ1 . The observed q-dependence together with site-specific ab initio calculations identify a near-edge peak in the XRS spectra as a p-type (⌬lϭ1) exciton due to dominant boron occupation at the sole atomic site in the unit cell having inversion symmetry. This result constrains models of substitutional disorder in B 4 C, introduces a new application of XRS, and emphasizes the utility of full multiple scattering calculations of the site-specific projected density of states for interpretation of the near edge region of XRS spectra.