Analytical Evaluation of the Dendritic Structure Parameters and Crystallization Rate of Laser-Deposited Cu-Fe Functionally Graded Materials

Makarenko, Konstantin; Dubinin, Oleg N.; Shishkovsky, Igor

doi:10.3390/ma13245665

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…We divide the main studies in this area into two groups. The first group is focused on the phase composition analysis in the region of cracks formation in terms of phase equilibrium stability or the possibility of isolating the brittle phase, which may be the cause of cracks, e.g., [13][14][15]20,21]. This approach can be referred to as the field of qualitative analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 1 shows bimetallic samples [12] of Inconel 718-copper alloy obtained by the LENS TM technology and laminated FGM from SS316L-Al Bronze [13] obtained by DED method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. Optical image of the compositional interface: (A) as fabricated bimetallic structures of Inconel 718 and GRCop-84 [12]; (B) the resulting graded structure from SS316L-Al Bronze [13] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [13] Elsevier 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Conditions for Consolidation of Dissimilar Materials in Bimetal and Functional Graded Structures

2022

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Functional Graded Structures and Functional Graded parts, made using dissimilar materials, are designed to provide specific properties to the final product. One of the most promising methods for manufacturing 3D Functional Graded objects is 3D laser cladding and/or direct energy deposition. However, the construction of graded and especially layered graded structures in the process of joining materials with different thermophysical properties under certain conditions is accompanied by the formation of cracks along the phase boundaries, which are a consequence of residual stresses and/or chemical segregations. The conditions for phase consolidation are macroscopic balancing of residual stresses in the region of the interface. In a broader sense, in the field of the interface, it is necessary to consider the thermodynamic equilibrium of the phases in connection with mechanical equilibrium. In this regard, the article proposed criteria for the thermodynamic affinity of phases in the area of the Functional Graded Structures interface, including the coefficients of thermal expansion and isobaric and isochoric heat capacities of the phases. Examples of cracking and the use of the obtained criteria are provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 1 shows bimetallic samples [12] of Inconel 718-copper alloy obtained by the LENS TM technology and laminated FGM from SS316L-Al Bronze [13] obtained by DED method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Conditions for Consolidation of Dissimilar Materials in Bimetal and Functional Graded Structures

2022

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“…The diffusion through the moving phase interface (crystallization front) in the steady (quasi-stationary) process (while the admixture concentration in the solidified area is distributed regularly alongside normal to crystallization front) is described by the following Equation [19,38]:…”

Section: Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulted parts with the gradient of properties within their volume, created from various materials, are specified as functionally graded materials (FGMs) or compositionally graded materials [15][16][17][18]. The significant interest is attributed to the manufacturing of materials of the Cu-Fe system, which combine thermal expansion properties, electrical and thermal conductivity of bronze with high rigidity, mechanical strength (yield stress, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), flexure strength, creep resistivity), and corrosion resistance of stainless steel [19]. Moreover, the Cu-Fe alloys, especially multilayered, are characterized by significant values of magnetoresistance [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Chapter: Direct Energy Deposition of Cu-Fe System Functionally Graded Materials – Miscibility Aspects, Cracking Sources, and Methods of Assisted Manufacturing

Makarenko¹,

Dubinin²,

Shishkovsky³

2022

Advanced Additive Manufacturing

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Direct energy deposition is a reliable additive manufacturing method of producing components with highly sophisticated geometry from a single material or combination of different materials with high manufacturing freedom and efficiency. The assembly operations are not required after the direct energy deposition: such complex parts as a rocket combustion chamber, a nuclear reactor element, a heat exchanger, and so on, could be fabricated layer-by-layer during one technological step. Promising applications are associated with Cu-Fe system laser deposited functionally graded components, which allow combining good oxidation resistivity, antifrictionality, thermal, and electrical conductivity of copper with mechanical strength, processability, and corrosion resistance of stainless steel. The main issue, which appears in the case of laser deposition of such materials, is internal stresses caused by significant inequality of physical properties of copper/bronze and steel, their limited miscibility, forming of brittle phases at the interface, and complexity of variation of mechanical and physical properties of the resulted alloy. The mentioned factors could cause various cracking in resulted parts. Specific techniques such as ultrasonic assistance, implementation of the external magnetic field, and post-treatment (hot isostatic pressing, machining), could be suggested to improve the quality of laser deposited Cu-Fe system functionally graded materials.

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Effect of Al Bronze Interlayer on Liquid–Solid Compound Interface of Sn Bronze/Steel

Wang

Chen

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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To address the challenges of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks and low bonding strength at the Sn bronze/steel liquid–solid compound interface, an innovative Sn bronze/Al bronze/steel laminated composite is fabricated using a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, which involved introducing an Al bronze interlayer. The microstructure of interlayer and its related interfaces, as well as the mechanical properties of the composites, are investigated. Results show that the microstructure of Al bronze is mainly composed of α‐Cu and β‐Cu3Al. An interdiffused layer with a maximum thickness of 5 μm exists at the Al bronze/steel interface, which plays an important role in interface adaptation. The Sn bronze/Al bronze interface possesses a 30 μm α(Cu–Al–Fe) transition layer, and the continuous transition of α + β → α(Cu–Al–Fe) → α(Cu–Sn) from the base material to the clad layer is realized. No LME cracks are found in the steel after the Al bronze and Sn bronze deposition. The Al bronze/steel and Sn bronze/Al bronze interfaces exhibit strong bonding strengths of 395 and 361 MPa, respectively.

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Analytical Evaluation of the Dendritic Structure Parameters and Crystallization Rate of Laser-Deposited Cu-Fe Functionally Graded Materials

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Thermodynamic Conditions for Consolidation of Dissimilar Materials in Bimetal and Functional Graded Structures

Thermodynamic Conditions for Consolidation of Dissimilar Materials in Bimetal and Functional Graded Structures

Perspective Chapter: Direct Energy Deposition of Cu-Fe System Functionally Graded Materials – Miscibility Aspects, Cracking Sources, and Methods of Assisted Manufacturing

Effect of Al Bronze Interlayer on Liquid–Solid Compound Interface of Sn Bronze/Steel

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