Analytical Evaluation of Free Testosterone and Cortisol Immunoassays in Saliva as a Reliable Alternative to Serum in Sports Medicine

Lippi, Giuseppe; Dipalo, Mariella; Buonocore, Ruggero; Gnocchi, Cecilia; Aloe, Rosalia; Delsignore, R

doi:10.1002/jcla.21929

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The present cortisol data corroborate earlier results: A positive association between salivary and circulating plasma/serum cortisol concentrations has been confirmed both at rest [27–29] and following exercise [30–33]. Further, we have shown that exercise induces a rise in plasma cortisol concentration immediately following exercise, a response which can be observed with a time lag in the salivary concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The increases in pTest are consistent with previous reports [33], therefore suggesting that pTest may be used in SCI subgroups for the same diagnostic purposes as in the able-bodied population. The poor relationships between salivary and plasma testosterone also support previous research that questions the diagnostic value of salivary testosterone [35]; even though significant relationships have been shown between salivary and plasma/serum concentrations [27, 32], this was not replicated by others [33]. From a clinical perspective, the present study does not provide any evidence for testosterone deficiency in TETRA as previously reported [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Salivary alpha amylase not chromogranin A reflects sympathetic activity: exercise responses in elite male wheelchair athletes with or without cervical spinal cord injury

et al. 2017

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BackgroundSalivary alpha amylase (sAA) and chromogranin A (sCgA) have both been suggested as non-invasive markers for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. A complete cervical spinal cord injury leading to tetraplegia is accompanied with sympathetic dysfunction; the aim of this study was to establish the exercise response of these markers in this in vivo model.MethodsTwenty-six elite male wheelchair athletes (C6–C7 tetraplegia: N = 8, T6–L1 paraplegia: N = 10 and non-spinal cord injured controls: N = 8) performed treadmill exercise to exhaustion. Saliva and blood samples were taken pre, post and 30 min post exercise and analysed for sAA, sCgA and plasma adrenaline concentration, respectively.ResultsIn all three subgroups, sAA and sCgA were elevated post exercise (P < 0.05). Whilst sCgA was not different between subgroups, a group × time interaction for sAA explained the reduced post-exercise sAA activity in tetraplegia (162 ± 127 vs 313 ± 99 (paraplegia) and 328 ± 131 U mL−1 (controls), P = 0.005). The post-exercise increase in adrenaline was not apparent in tetraplegia (P = 0.74). A significant correlation was found between adrenaline and sAA (r = 0.60, P = 0.01), but not between adrenaline and sCgA (r = 0.06, P = 0.79).ConclusionsThe blunted post-exercise rise in sAA and adrenaline in tetraplegia implies that both reflect SNS activity to some degree. It is questionable whether sCgA should be used as a marker for SNS activity, both due to the exercise response which is not different between the subgroups and its non-significant relationship with adrenaline.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Salivary alpha amylase not chromogranin A reflects sympathetic activity: exercise responses in elite male wheelchair athletes with or without cervical spinal cord injury

et al. 2017

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“…[14,19,40] In contrast to the recent study of Lippi et al, [45] our data revealed a higher correlation between total serum to salivary testosterone (r = 0.605) than between free serum and salivary testosterone (r = 0.379). The results showed a correlation between serum total and free testosterone, urinary and salivary testosterone absolute concentrations, and time-matched data, which confirms the results of other studies also in combination with exercise.…”

Section: Hormone Quantificationcontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…This correction confirmed the results of the absolute concentrations, as testosterone augmented to the highest levels after 6 to 9 h and returned to baseline after removal of the hormone source. [45] Furthermore, the first multi-modal sensors are available for quantifying diverse steroid hormones in saliva fluid. The highest changes in total testosterone in serum were 211.4 ± 70.9 % and in urine 215 ± 101.5 %.…”

Section: Hormone Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest changes in total testosterone in serum were 211.4 ± 70.9 % and in urine 215 ± 101.5 %. [20,45] In this case, Fiers et al described the possibility that testosterone could bind to salivary proteins, disturbing analytical measurements. This increase could be dependent on the process of the liberation of testosterone into saliva, because the production of saliva is more or less an active driven process.…”

Section: Hormone Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential detection of low‐dose transdermal testosterone administration in blood, urine, and saliva

Schönfelder

Hofmann

Schulz

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Administration of low amounts of endogenous hormones - so-called micro-dosages - are supposed to represent a major challenge in doping analysis. To model such a situation, we have studied transdermal administrations of 2.4 mg/24 h testosterone patches and examined various steroid concentrations in blood, urine, and saliva of 11 volunteers. Multiple samples were collected at t = 0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h in four different phases, i.e., all combinations with/without physical exercise and with/without testosterone. Testosterone was analyzed by enzyme-linked-immuno-assay as well as by mass spectrometry and validated in an accredited anti-doping laboratory. Circadian controls with and without exercise did not provoke prominent alterations of whole, free, and salivary testosterone. Testosterone application for 24 h led to a significant (all p < 0.001) mean increase above controls: total testosterone (median: 5.2 vs. 8.0 ng/mL), free testosterone (median: 11.3 vs. 15.6 pg/mL), and salivary testosterone (median: 62.4 vs. 99.9 pg/mL). Additionally, all three testosterone measurements indicated significant correlations to each other (all r > 0.538, all p < .001). Circadian-matching showed peaking testosterone values after 6 h and 9 h, reaching highest augmentation up to 252.6 ± 123.5% in saliva after 9 h. After removal of the testosterone patch, all testosterone levels in blood, saliva, and urine returned to baseline within 24 h. Different techniques of hormone detection (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)) indicated significant correlations. Results indicate that saliva, blood, and urine exhibit comparable hormone augmentation during micro-dose testosterone application, indicating a possible consideration in future doping analysis. The inter-individual variability was high in all biofluids, requiring the use of an individual biological passport rather than statistical values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Analysis of bicarbonate, phosphate and other anions in saliva by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in diagnostics of gastroesophageal reflux disease

et al. 2019

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Bicarbonate and phosphate constitute major salivary buffering components, and their importance consists in the neutralization of acidic gastric contents during reflux episodes. In this work, capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector was applied for the analysis of bicarbonate, phosphate, and another inorganic (chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, thiocyanate) and organic anions (acetate, butyrate) to evaluate their levels in saliva. The background electrolytes of different composition and pH between 6.02–9.41 were assessed for the bicarbonate and phosphate determination by comparison of the real analyses of a model solution with the simulation by PeakMaster software. The optimized background electrolyte was composed of 10 mM 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 20 mM arginine, and 30 µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, pH 8.95. Using this BGE, the anion levels were compared in saliva from 20 patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and saliva from 12 healthy subjects. Bicarbonate levels were significantly elevated in saliva from GERD patients suggesting the possible applicability of bicarbonate as a biomarker in non‐invasive diagnostics of GERD by CE‐C4D.

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Analytical Evaluation of Free Testosterone and Cortisol Immunoassays in Saliva as a Reliable Alternative to Serum in Sports Medicine

Abstract: The results of this study suggest that measurement of free testosterone and cortisol in saliva may be seen as a reliable alternative to their assessment in serum.

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Salivary alpha amylase not chromogranin A reflects sympathetic activity: exercise responses in elite male wheelchair athletes with or without cervical spinal cord injury

Salivary alpha amylase not chromogranin A reflects sympathetic activity: exercise responses in elite male wheelchair athletes with or without cervical spinal cord injury

Potential detection of low‐dose transdermal testosterone administration in blood, urine, and saliva

Analysis of bicarbonate, phosphate and other anions in saliva by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in diagnostics of gastroesophageal reflux disease

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