Analytical derivatizations in environmental analysis

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Human Exposomics: Expanding Chemical Space Coverage

“…GC, paired to electron ionization (EI), captures relatively nonpolar (more bioaccumulative), volatile/semivolatile, and thermostable substances, including many hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), phthalates, and VOCs . With versatile derivatizations, GC-MS has proved effective not only in metabolomics of primary metabolites including sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids, , but in targeting certain exogenous chemicals as well, such as UV-filters (additives in PPCPs) including benzophenone, pharmaceuticals, parabens, and phenols (e.g., bisphenols, alkyl- and halogenated phenols). , LC, coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI), widely applies to nonvolatile, relatively polar/hydrophilic, and thermally unstable chemicals, e.g., pesticides, prescription and illicit drugs, and mycotoxins. , LC-MS is noted for its speed, precision, and capability in the unequivocal detection of trace molecules in vivo , as demonstrated by the screening of doping or illicit drug use in equine or human athletics. , Most LC applications are based on reverse-phase LC (e.g., C 18 and C 8 ). However, there are emerging alternatives like pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phases and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for better retention of relatively polar species or unique isomeric selectivity .…”

“…25 In GC-MS analysis, a crucial consideration involves whether and how derivatization techniques are used�a process that modifies analyte structures for improved volatility, chromatographic separation, and/or detection. 124 Of note, GC-MSbased metabolomics often uses derivatization, such as trimethylsilylation to prevent the breakdown of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups of biomolecules. 125 For GC-MSbased exposomics, this has not been explored.…”

“… 68 With versatile derivatizations, GC-MS has proved effective not only in metabolomics of primary metabolites including sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids, 130 , 131 but in targeting certain exogenous chemicals as well, such as UV-filters (additives in PPCPs) including benzophenone, pharmaceuticals, parabens, and phenols (e.g., bisphenols, alkyl- and halogenated phenols). 124 , 132 LC, coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI), widely applies to nonvolatile, relatively polar/hydrophilic, and thermally unstable chemicals, e.g., pesticides, prescription and illicit drugs, and mycotoxins. 133 , 134 LC-MS is noted for its speed, precision, and capability in the unequivocal detection of trace molecules in vivo , as demonstrated by the screening of doping or illicit drug use in equine or human athletics.…”

Innovative Solutions for Food Analysis: Microextraction Techniques in Lipid Peroxidation Product Detection

“…The combination of microextraction methods to assess both organic and inorganic targets has proven valuable within the realm of modern analytical chemistry [122]. This approach allows for the concurrent execution of target extraction, pre-concentration, and cleanup stages, effectively shortening the overall procedure time and aligning well with the principles of green analytical chemistry [45][46][47]. This trend underscores a significant progression in analytical sample preparation, harnessing the strengths of various techniques to address intricate analytical challenges and yielding enhanced accuracy, sensitivity, and efficiency in analyzing a wide range of samples [123].…”

“…An ideal sample preparation method should be simple, time efficient, cost effective, rugged, potentially automated, and align with the principles of green analytical chemistry, with a focus on minimizing sample, solvent, and waste usage [44,45]. Furthermore, simultaneous derivatization and extraction can reduce the overall analysis time while enhancing sensitivity and specificity [46]. In response to these needs, novel microextraction-based methods have emerged.…”