Analytical coupled-wave model for photonic crystal surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers

Wang, Zhixin; Liang, Yong; Yin, Xuefan; Peng, Chao; Hu, Weiwei; Faist, Jérôme

doi:10.1364/oe.25.011997

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…approaches, PhC-QCLs offer the possibility of achieving single mode operation together with narrow diverging surface emission, thanks to the unique 2D in-plane coupling mechanism and the Bragg reflection [16]. As expected, a narrow beam requires a large device size in both in-plane dimensions.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…After deep-ultraviolet lithography (220 nm wavelength), the layer is etched into PhC patterns by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry-etching technique. We design square-lattice PhCs with two different pillar shapes: circle and right-angled isosceles triangle [6,16]. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the them after the dry etching are shown in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3(c). The surface-emitted beam has an extremely small divergence angle (< 1 • ) in all directions with no visible side lobes, owing to the large-area single-mode oscillation.At the Γ 2 point of the square-lattice PhC-QCL, there are four band edge modes: two doubly degenerate dipole modes, a monopole mode and a quadrupole mode[16]. For the PhC-QCL shown inFigs.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Room temperature surface emission on large-area photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers

Liang

Wang

Wolf

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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We design and fabricate large-area (1.1 mm × 1.1 mm) photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers, enabling single-mode (wavelength ∼ 8.5 µm) surface emission at room temperature, with a maximum peak power up to 176 mW. The beam divergence is < 1 • and without side-lobes. Moreover, by introducing asymmetry into the photonic crystal pillar shape, a single-lobed far-field is realized. The photonic band structure is measured with high spectral (0.72 cm −1 ) and angular (0.1 • ) resolution by using the photonic crystal quantum cascade laser itself as a detector.Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are semiconductor laser sources that operate in the both mid-infrared [1] and terahertz region [2]. Nowadays, QCLs are the sources of choice for many laser-based applications, e.g., trace gas spectroscopy [3], process control [4], and biological sensing [5]. Surface emitting lasers are advantageous for their beam shape and the ease of two-dimensional (2D) integration [6]. Based on intersubband transitions, the selection rule of QCL determines the light to be transverse magnetic (TM) polarized.Therefore, conventional vertical cavity surface emission design is not suitable for QCLs.In order to realize a surface-emitting QCL, novel coupling structures have been implemented, for example, photonic crystal (PhC) [7-10], second-order distributed feedback (DFB) grating [11,12], microdisk and ring resonators [13][14][15]. Compared to these other 1 arXiv:1811.08786v1 [physics.optics]

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confidence: 77%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Room temperature surface emission on large-area photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers

Liang

Wang

Wolf

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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“…The recent successful experimental demonstration of photonic-crystal surface emitting lasers (PC-SELs) with high power, high beam quality, and beam-steering capability can further extend the usability of surface-emitting lasers in power-demanding applications such as free-space sensing [7][8][9][10][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Motivated by the experiments, there have been significant efforts in developing efficient simulation tools for PCSEL [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . Here, of particular interest is the capability to predict the threshold of PCSEL, taking into account the full complexity of the structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, in a PCSEL, the optical mode is defined by the 2D photonic crystal layer, and the cavity round-trip is not well defined. Several recent works have developed coupled mode theory models for PCSEL 20,22,24,25 . These models typically treat the physics of PCSEL in terms of the coupling between small number of waveguide modes inside the photonic crystal layers.…”

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confidence: 99%

First-principles simulation of photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers using rigorous coupled wave analysis

Song

Kalapala

Zhou

et al. 2018

Applied Physics Letters

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We show that the threshold of a photonic crystal surface-emitting laser can be calculated from first-principles by the method of rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA), which has been widely used to simulate the response spectra of passive periodic structures. Here, the scattering matrix (S-matrix) of a surface-emitting laser structure with added gain is calculated on the complex frequency plane using RCWA, and the lasing threshold is determined by the value of gain for which the pole of the S-matrix reaches the real axis. This approach can be used for surface emitting laser structures in general, and is particularly useful for the surface emitting laser systems with complex in-plane structures.

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Increasing the Q-Contrast in Large Photonic Crystal Slab Resonators Using Bound-States-in-Continuum

et al. 2023

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Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) have shown promise for large-area single-mode lasers. However, the difficulty in increasing PCSEL area while preserving single-mode operation has hindered the progress of achieving ultralarge-area PCSELs. The physical origin of the scaling challenge lies in the diminishing quality-factor (Q) contrast between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes as the lateral size of the crystal increases. Here, we show that the existence of bound states in the continuum (BIC) can overcome this challenge. The presence of BIC enables large and constant Q-contrast that is independent of the lateral size of the crystal. Such a Q-contrast should guarantee size-invariant single-mode operation, which is the key to realize ultralarge-area PCSEL. We develop an analytical theory to elucidate the underlying physics of the size-invariant Q-contrast enabled by BIC and verify it with full-wave simulations. Furthermore, we show that the Q-contrast can be further increased by introducing specific spatial nonuniformities. Our findings provide theoretical guidance and open new possibilities for designing ultralarge-area PCSEL.

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Analytical coupled-wave model for photonic crystal surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers

Abstract: An analytical coupled-wave model is developed for surface-emitting photonic-

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Room temperature surface emission on large-area photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers

Room temperature surface emission on large-area photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers

First-principles simulation of photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers using rigorous coupled wave analysis

Increasing the Q-Contrast in Large Photonic Crystal Slab Resonators Using Bound-States-in-Continuum

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