Analytical chemistry and the cone penetrometer: In situ chemical characterization of the subsurface

Aldstadt, Joseph H.; Martin, Alice F.

doi:10.1007/bf01243159

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For example, a Raman probe has been designed for a cone penetrometer for studying underground storage tanks at the Department of Energy's Hanford site. 27 These tanks contain a mixture of chemicals and radioactive waste, and, with in-tank characterization of such mixtures, significant reduction in personnel exposure, analysis time and cost is achieved relative to laboratory analysis. Also, Angel et al have used a modern CCD-based dispersive Raman system with 808 nm diode laser excitation to detect gasoline contaminants perched on groundwater, using a 250 ft fiber optic probe that was inserted in a 4 in diameter monitoring well.…”

Section: Brief History Of Technological Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Raman spectroscopy in the analytical chemistry of potable waterThis paper has been reviewed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Collette

Williams

2002

J. Environ. Monitor.

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Advances in instrumentation are making Raman spectroscopy the tool of choice for an increasing number of chemical applications. For example, many recalcitrant industrial process monitoring problems have been solved in recent years with in-line Raman spectrometers. Raman is attractive for these applications for many reasons, including remote non-invasive sampling, minimal sample preparation and tolerance of water. To a lesser extent, Raman spectroscopy is beginning to play a significant role in environmental analysis for the same reasons. At present, the environmental applications typically apply only to the most contaminated situations due to the still relatively high limits of detection. However, some emerging sampling technologies hold out the promise that Raman may soon be more widely applicable to the analytical chemistry of potable water. Herein we discuss these recent advances, summarize some examples of environmental applications to aqueous systems and suggest avenues of future developments that we expect to be most useful for potable water analysis. Also, a simplified, but detailed, theory of normal Raman scattering is presented. While resonance-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and non-linear Raman techniques are briefly discussed, their theories and instrumental configurations are not addressed. Also, this article deals primarily with the modern dispersive Raman experiment (as opposed to the Fourier transform Raman experiment), because it seems most suited for potable water analysis. The goal of this article is to give the environmental scientist with no specialized knowledge of the topic just enough theory and background to evaluate the utility of this rapidly developing analytical tool.

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Section: Brief History Of Technological Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Raman spectroscopy in the analytical chemistry of potable waterThis paper has been reviewed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Collette

Williams

2002

J. Environ. Monitor.

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“…DPT is a well-established technique for geophysical and chemical characterization of subsurface terrestrial environments (8). DPT is based on driving a conical steel tip (typically 60°apex and ∼44-mm o.d.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration of a Method for the Direct Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Submerged Sediments

Grundl

Aldstadt

Harb

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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We describe the development of a novel method for real-time in situ characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in submerged freshwater sediments. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy, a mature technique for PAH characterization in terrestrial sediments, was adapted for shipboard use. A cone penetrometer-type apparatus was designed for probe penetration at a constant rate (1 cm/s) to a depth of 3 m. A field-portable LIF system was used for in situ measurements in which the output of a pulsed excimer laser was transmitted by optical fiber to a sapphire window (6.4-mm o.d.) in the probe wall; fluorescent emission was collected by a separate optical fiber for transmission to the spectrometer on deck. Four wavelengths (340, 390, 440, 490 nm) were selected via optical delay lines, and multiple-wavelength waveforms were created. These multiple-wavelength waveforms contain information on the fluorescence frequency, intensity, and emission decay rate. Field testing was conducted at 10 sites in Milwaukee Harbor (total PAH concentrations ranged from approximately 10 to 650 microg/g); conventional sediment core samples were collected concurrently. The core samples were analyzed by EPA methods 3545 (pressurized fluid extraction, PFE) and 8270C (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) for PAHs. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model wasthen created based on laboratory LIF measurements and PFE-GC-MS of the core samples. The PLSR model was applied to the in situ field test data, and 13 of the 16 EPA-regulated PAHs were quantified with a relative error of <30% overall (the remaining three PAHs were found at levels insufficient to quantify). We additionally describe preliminary source apportionment relationships that were revealed by the PLSR model for the in situ LIF measurements.

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“…Cone penetrometry (CP) has become the most often used tool to rapidly determine subsurface geology and to collect soil samples at depth (1). More recently, CP has evolved into an effective means for detecting organics in situ by laserinduced fluorescence (2)(3)(4)(5), Raman and infrared spectroscopy (6,7), and thermal extraction mass spectrometry (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation of Subsurface Contaminants by Cone Penetrometry Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Gorshteyn

Smarason

Robbat

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A thermal extraction cone penetrometry gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system (TECP GC/MS) has been developed to detect subsurface contaminants in situ. The TECP can collect soil-bound organics up to depths of 30 m. In contrast to traditional cone penetrometer sample collectors, the TECP extracts organics from soil without bringing the soil to the surface or into a collection chamber. Results show that polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides, and explosives can be recovered (60-95%) from wet or dry soil, with extraction efficiency compound-specific. The data are in remarkable agreement with closed cell thermal desorption (TD) experiments, where no organics are lost to the environment during heating. TECP GC/MS results also compare favorably with solvent-extracted GC/MS analyses and can be used to delineate the presence and extent of contamination at hazardous waste sites. Data illustrating TECP dependence on probe temperature and soil moisture as well as carrier gas linear velocity and volume (modified Reynolds number) are shown along with sample analysis data from two hazardous waste sites. The total ion and reconstructed ion current chromatograms are shown for PAHs collected by TECP from a coal tar contaminated soil obtained at a manufactured gas plant in Massachusetts. TECP and TD results are within 15% for nonvolatile PAHs and within 50% of the solvent-extracted data.

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Analytical chemistry and the cone penetrometer: In situ chemical characterization of the subsurface

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Demonstration of a Method for the Direct Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Submerged Sediments

Speciation of Subsurface Contaminants by Cone Penetrometry Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

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