Analytical characterization of products obtained from slow pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum seed cake: study on performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with bio-oil blends

Abstract

This paper aims to analyse the characteristics and properties of the fractions obtained from slow pyrolysis of non-edible seed cake of Calophyllum inophyllum (CI). The gas, bio-oil and biochar obtained from the pyrolysis carried out at 500 °C in a fixed bed batch type reactor at a heating rate of 30 °C/min were characterized by various analytical techniques. Owing to the high volatile content of CI biomass (72.61%), it was selected as the raw material in this present investigation. GC-MS and FT-IR analysis of bio-oil showed the presence of higher amount of oxygenated compounds, phenol derivatives, esters, acid and furans. The physicochemical properties of the bio-oil were tested as per ASTM norms which imply that bio-oil is a highly viscous liquid with lower heating value as compared to that of diesel fuel. The chemical composition of evolved gas was analysed by using GC testing which revealed the presence of combustible components. The FT-IR characterization of biochar showed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons whereas the elevated amount of carbon in biochar indicates its potential to be used as solid fuel. The performance and emission characteristics of CI engine were assessed with different CI bio-oil blends and compared with baseline diesel fuel. The results showed that addition of bio-oil leads to decreased brake thermal efficiency and increased brake specific energy consumption. Meanwhile, increase in blend ratio reduces harmful pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and smoke in the exhaust. From the engine testing, it is suggested to employ 20% of CI bio-oil blends in CI engine to obtain better operation.

Analytical characterization of the Aegle marmelos pyrolysis products and investigation on the suitability of bio‐oil as a third generation bio‐fuel for C.I engine

“…The VM in the biomass was disintegrated into organic vapors during pyrolysis. The lower value of MC (3.01%) and AC (2.19%) in feed stock material depicts that AM seed cake can be employed as low grade solid fuels . The ultimate analysis conducted by as per ASTM D5291‐96 and reveals that the feedstock is composed of carbon (40.0497%), hydrogen (6.1474%), oxygen (52.2853%), nitrogen (1.4732%), and sulfur (0.0005%).…”

“…However, bio‐char has higher carbon content (71.18 wt %). The higher amount of carbon present in bio‐char favors the utilization of pollution‐free solid fuel in the furnace , production of activated carbon, carbon Nanotube manufacturing, the separator of heavy metal dyes, natural mosquito coil, and aroma agarpathis . The maximum amount of carbon present in the AM bio‐char which attributed to the efficient carbonization of biomass at 600°C.…”

“…Based on the BP review 2016, the consumption rate of renewable energy was increased by 338.58% in 2015 . In the present world, the population was ever increasing dramatically which in turnincreasing the energy demand . Huge researches are focused in fossil fuel‐based bio‐oil research.…”

“…Bio‐oil derived from the pyrolysis process having a higher amount of organics and can be straight away used as a fuel in boilers and furnace usages. Bio‐char can be used in various fields like organic fertilizers, chemical manufacturing, and solid fuels . Syngas comprises the volatile organic components of CH 4 , CO 2 , H 2 , N 2 , it can be utilized in power source to reactors and industries .…”

“…According to the numerous literature reviews, not at all significant research has been done in AM pyrolysis products. Many researchers carried out pyrolysis of various biomasses like sesame , Calophyllum inophyllum , prosopisjuliflora , sorghum , soybean , and ground nut deoiled cakes.…”