Analytical Approach to Design of Proportional-to-the-Absolute-Temperature Current Sources and Temperature Sensors Based on Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a PTAT Sensor Using CMOS Technology

“…Integrated temperature sensors can be achieved in many different ways, e.g., as p-n diodes [5], oscillators [6], bipolar transistors [7], or proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) sensors [8][9][10][11][12][13]. According to the amount of dissipated, one could distinguish also low-power temperature sensors [14][15][16].…”

CMOS integrated sensor circuit for temperature measurement based on 50 nm technology

“…Both bipolar and metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors are generally used to implement on‐chip sensors, e.g. temperature sensors [4]. In the bipolar transistors, the base‐emitter voltage and the saturation current are used for extraction of the basic signals.…”