Analytical application of the microwave induced plasma used with laser ablation of solid samples

Ciocan, A.; Uebbing, J.; Niemax, K.

doi:10.1016/0584-8547(92)80056-m

Cited by 41 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Both crater depth and ICPMS intensity (Figure 4a -c) show dramatic increases at a threshold irradiance of 20-30 GW cm 2 . This dramatic change may be caused by explosive boiling.…”

Section: Laser Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using a calibrated ICPAES instrument, fractionation based on thermal vaporization was demonstrated by measuring Zn/Cu mole ratios during ablation of brass. With a 30-ns, 248-nm excimer laser, the Zn/Cu mole ratio initially decreased with increasing laser irradiance, then stabilized at irradiance greater than approximately 0.3 GW cm 2 . The initial decreasing Zn/Cu ratio was due to thermal vaporization.…”

Section: Processes Affecting Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The direct current plasma (DCP) and microwave-induced plasma (MIP) have been used for the analysis of solid samples with LA sampling. 2,3 The DCP and MIP offer good detection limits in the micrograms per gram range, with linear calibration curves over several orders of magnitude of concentration.…”

Section: Solid Sampling Techniques: Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,19,34 Using nanosecond laser pulses, with irradiance less than approximately 0.3 GW cm 2 , m had values ranging from 2 to 5 for many samples. When the irradiance was >0.3 GW cm 2 , m became <1. However, as the irradiance was increased further, another change in the mass ablation rate occurred, in which m increased to >2.…”

Section: Laser Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy

Russo

Mao

Borisov

et al. 2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Laser ablation (LA) is a unique technique to transform a solid sample into vapor‐phase constituents, which then can be chemically analyzed by atomic spectroscopy. Ablation brings many exciting capabilities to the field of chemical analysis, primarily because of the laser‐beam properties. The ability to analyze directly any solid samplewithout sample preparation and minimal sample‐quantity requirements are just some of the unique capabilities. This article discusses current issues related to using LA in atomic spectroscopy. A general introduction to LA sampling is presented along with a comparison with other solid sampling techniques. The critical issues for all analytical techniques are calibration, accuracy, and sensitivity. Techniques that have been demonstrated to address these analytical characteristics and define these parameters for LA are investigated in detail. Finally, many unique applications are described, ranging from dating geological materials to providing crime‐scene evidence. Most of these applications could not be performed without the use of a laser beam. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) will be emphasized in this article because it is currently the most prevalent excitation and ionization source for chemical analysis using LA.

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“…Both crater depth and ICPMS intensity (Figure 4a -c) show dramatic increases at a threshold irradiance of 20-30 GW cm 2 . This dramatic change may be caused by explosive boiling.…”

Section: Laser Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processes Affecting Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solid Sampling Techniques: Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laser Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy

Russo

Mao

Borisov

et al. 2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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“…This is consistent with the right-hand shift of the first excited state parabola. There is also another absorption, CT 2 , which is involved with a transition of one of the tj electrons to 4t 2 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Excited-state absorption in the Cr<formula><sup><roman>6+</roman></sup></formula>O<formula><sup><roman>2</roman></sup></formula>- center in Li<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula>B<formula><inf><roman>4</roman></inf></formula>O<formula><inf><roman>7</roman></inf></formula> glass</title>

2001

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We present excited state absorption (ESA) measurements of the Cr:Li 2 B 4 0 7 glass (Cr:LBO-glass) along with preliminary interpretation. The most distinct feature in the ESA characteristics is connected with the presence of chromium in its hexe-(do) valence states. The Cr 6 ÷ ions appear to contribute in the deexcitation processes and their evidence can be seen in the ESA spectra under excitation wavelength at 308 rnm. We interpret the ESA spectra detected with UV excitation in terms of transitions in the framework of Cr+O" center which forms after charge-transfer -type absorption in [CrO 4 ] 2 -group. We assume the presence of the double-electron state of the 3d 2 2p 4 electronic configuration together with crystal field-split states of the 3d'2p 5 configuration, both allow to reproduce the obtained ESA spectra.Keywords: absorption (ESA), Cr:Li 2 B 4 0 7 glass 1. INTRODUCTION Lithium tetraborate (Li 2 9 4 O 7 ) is a well known material, which found numerous optoelectronic applications 1 3 but so far it has not yet been used as a primary laser host or gain medium. This is because of the tight packing of LBO single crystal lattice and the relatively large sizes of the dopant ions that are of interest, for example Cr+ ions. In glass matrix situation is different because the glasses have more loose and relaxed structures and are more "dopant friendly" allowing much higher concentrations doping than in crystals. The optical spectroscopy of the Cr? ions in the LBO glass has been described in detail in several papers 4-6. In this contribution, after making sure that Cr3+ in the LBO glass is rather poor candidate for lasing medium (because of the high strength of the ESA transitions) 7 , we focus our attention on other chromium ions: Cr

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Microwave‐Induced Plasma Systems in Atomic Spectroscopy

Broekaert

Engel

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The use of microwave plasmas as radiation sources for optical atomic emission (AES), absorption (AAS) and fluorescence (AFS) spectroscopy and for laser ionization spectroscopy is treated and reference is also made to the use of microwave‐induced plasmas (MIPs) as ion sources for mass spectrometry (MS). Devices for producing both single‐electrode and electrodeless microwave plasmas are treated, in addition to methods for their diagnostics, and results for the analytically relevant plasma parameters are presented. Methods for sample introduction are discussed. They include dry aerosol generation techniques (hydride generation (HG), electrothermal evaporation, spark and laser ablation (LA)) and possibilities for the uptake of wet aerosols. Special reference is made to coupling with gas chromatography (GC) and also to the potential for coupling with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Further, the use of microwave plasmas for cross‐excitation in the case of glow discharges (GDs) is treated. The analytical figures of merit in the case of AES with low‐power microwave plasmas, single‐electrode microwave plasmas, plasma torch sources and stabilized capacitively coupled plasmas are given also in the case of atomic absorption, fluorescence and laser ionization with these sources. The developments in MS in the case of both low‐power and high‐power microwave plasmas and in the case of various types of sample introduction are discussed. Applications of MIP atomic spectroscopy are in the fields of biological samples with special reference to microanalysis, and of environmental samples with special emphasis on metal speciation, on‐line monitoring and direct solids analysis. A critical comparison of the methodology with other methods for the determination of the elements and their species is given.

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Analytical application of the microwave induced plasma used with laser ablation of solid samples

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy

Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy

Microwave‐Induced Plasma Systems in Atomic Spectroscopy

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