“…In addition to experimental studies and confinement models, some researchers (Malvar et al, 2004;Yu et al, 2010;Karabinis et al, 2008;Zeng et al, 2018;Parghi and Alam, 2017;Parghi and Alam, 2016;Chellapandian et al, 2018;Lin and Teng, 2017;Feng et al, 2002;Hajsadeghi et al, 2011;Chakrabarti et al, 2008;Mostofinejad and Saadatmand, 2010;Wu et al, 2009;Hu et al, 2011;Mirmiran et al, 2000) have also performed numerical investigations to understand the overall behaviour of FRP-confined concrete columns using the finite element method (FEM). The FEM is a numerical method that solves the governing ordinary and partial differential equations of a system through the discretisation process.…”