Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Wake-Up Receivers Based Protocols

Abstract

Achieving energy efficient wireless communication is the most pursued goal in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as energy consumption is typically a major barrier to long term applications. In recent years, ultra-low power Wake-up Receivers (WuRx) have emerged, enabling pure asynchronous wireless communication that eliminates energy waste due to idle listening. However, to achieve a significant increase of energy efficiency compared to traditional duty-cycling approaches, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols exploiting WuRx must be carefully designed. Therefore, we propose an analytical framework to model MAC protocols, leveraging WuRx or not, which gives an important evaluation of power consumption, latency and reliability. This framework was used to both model a WuRxbased MAC protocol, and to model two other state-of-the art MAC protocols for WSNs not using WuRx. Experimental power consumption and latency measurements were conducted to validate the proposed framework and the MAC protocol leveraging WuRx. Analytical results show the convenience of using WuRx and quantify the benefits of this emerging technology. These results demonstrate that using WuRx achieves up to 135 times lower power consumption and up to 23 times lower latency compared to traditional approaches in typical low throughput WSNs applications.

Wake-Up Radio Based Access in 5G Under Delay Constraints: Modeling and Optimization

“…The resulting optimization problem in (24)-(26) belongs to a class of intractable mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problems [34]. In this work, the corresponding MINLP is solved by using the equivalent non-linear programming problem with continuous variables, expressed below in (27)- (29), which is obtained by means of relaxing the second constraint (26) into a continuous constraint (see Eq. (29)), assuming that both parameters are positive real numbers larger than or equal to one (i.e., the minimum TTI unit).…”

“…In this section, a schematic approach is used to illustrate the feasible region for the relaxed optimization problem in (27)- (29) and then the feasible region is narrowed down to the boundary of the delay constraint, whose points are proved to remain candidate solutions while the other feasible solutions are henceforth excluded. Fig.…”

MAC Protocols for Wake-Up Radio: Principles, Modeling and Performance Analysis

“…Its benefit over duty-cycle MAC was demonstrated based on a point-to-point topology using selective awakening. Both an analytical model and a testbed validation of WuR were presented in [8]. For their performance evaluation, the authors adopted a model based on an absorbing Markov chain.…”

“…As noted, substituting (2), (4), (6) (along with (8) or (10)) into (1) yields a non-linear equation from which the value of α can be solved numerically.…”

“…Such an on-demand communication does not only increase energy efficiency but also reduces latency of data transmissions [5] [6]. In addition, the address decoding and matching abilities of WuRx exhibit its proficiency to process the received data in an energy-efficient way [7] [8]. That means, a WuRx wakes up its associated MCU only when the received WuC address has been validated, thus diminishing potential false wake-up and reducing energy consumption due to overhearing in the network.…”