“…The ultimate contraction rate ε is 36% when the WHAM contracts at an unloaded state. 39,40 Therefore, taking contraction rates ε as 10%, 20%, and 30%, the corresponding strain energy densities À W ε are 252, 466, and 707 kJÁm À3 , respectively. Meanwhile, combined with Equations (2.6), (2.9), and (2.10), the fatigue life of rubber tubes in WHAMs is 3.65 Â 10 8 times, 2.49 Â 10 7 times, and 4.08 Â 10 6 times, respectively.…”