Analysis on Characteristics of Pigments Manufactured with Various Neorok Produced from Mt. Gwangjeongsan, Pohang

Mun, Seong Woo; Kang, Young Seok; Kim, Ji Sun; Hwang, Ga Hyun; Park, Jae Young; Lee, Sun Myung; Jeong, Hye Young

doi:10.12654/jcs.2020.36.6.09

Cited by 3 publications

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References 4 publications

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“…According to Lee [4], analytical research of pigments in Korea began after John Winter's study on the component analysis of ancient Korean pigments [5]. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s [6], researchers actively conducted analytical research of pigments applied to murals, portraits, and decorative paintings, and research on the reproduction and restoration of traditional pigments have found whiting, noerok, hematite, copper pigments, and ink to be the main ingredients [7,8]. Innovation in this eld continues and recent efforts have been made to solve existing analytical techniques limitations or to apply new ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Characteristics Pigment And Paper Excavated At The Site of Hoeamsa Temple (12th-Century), Korea

Mun

Lee³

et al. 2021

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One paper fragment and three pigments were excavated from earthenware found in the Hoeamsa Temple site (Historic Site No. 128), which is presumed to have been constructed in the 12th century. This study identifies the types and characteristics of the paper and pigments through methods such as fiber identification, pigment component analysis, and crystal structure analysis. Using the Graff 'C' staining method, the paper fragment is identified as paper-mulberry bast fiber (B. kazinoki Siebold), and according to radiocarbon dating results, the paper is believed to be from the Joseon Dynasty, between 1460 and 1640, which is when the Hoeamsa temple was believed to have been rebuilt. The green pigment consists of cerussite, malachite, and ataccamite, while quartz, muscovite, and illite were detected in the white pigment, and quartz, hematite, illite, and kaolinite were detected in the red pigment. The L* value ranged from 41.59 to 79.05. The white pigment showed the highest brightness value at 79.05, while the green pigment was measured at 58.20 and the red pigment at 41.59. The a* value ranged from -2.25 to 22.75: the a* value of the red pigment was the highest at 22.75, the green pigment was the lowest at -2.25. The b* value ranged from 7.44 to 26.26: the b*value of the red pigment was the highest at 26.26 and the white pigment was the lowest at 7.44.These scientific data identified the raw materials of paper used during the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, the data can be used for repair and restoration of ancient dancheong (traditional Korean decorative coloring on wooden buildings and artifacts) by analyzing the composition of pigments and identifying the characteristics of crystal structure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Characteristics Pigment And Paper Excavated At The Site of Hoeamsa Temple (12th-Century), Korea

Mun

Lee³

et al. 2021

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Analysis of pigments and damages for the 19th century White-robed Water-moon Avalokitesvara Painting in Gongju Magoksa Temple, Republic of Korea

Yang

Lee

2021

Herit Sci

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The White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara painting displayed on the rear wall of Daegwangbojeon (main hall) in Magoksa temple, is one of the representative Buddhist paintings in the late nineteenth century of Korea, and a valuable resource for understanding the coloring techniques and characteristics of Buddhist paintings in terms of expression and description in landscape painting. In this painting, the contours and colored surface remain undamaged, but blistering and exfoliation appear on some pigment layers. Furthermore, the partial decomposition of wooden materials due to wood-decay fungi and insect damage were found on the rear wall requiring proper treatment for long-term conservation. As the results of chromaticity and P-XRF analysis regarding the color pigment layer of the painting, the pigments were classified into ten types. The results suggest that the colors other than blue, green, yellow, red, black, and white were prepared by mixing two or more pigments. The types of pigments according to colors, were determined as traditional pigments with azurite; emerald green or clinoatacamite; 0 massicot; minium or hematite; Chinese ink; and kaolin, white lead, and gypsum, respectively. Violet and pink colors were assumed to have been prepared by mixing white with blue and red. In most of these pigments, small amounts of synthetic compositions from the modern era were detected at many points.

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A case study on Hoeamsa Temple, Korea: technical examination and identification of pigments and paper unearthed from the temple site

Mun

Lee

et al. 2022

Herit Sci

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This study applied various scientific analyses to one fragment of paper and three pigments excavated from earthenware found in the Hoeamsa Temple site at Yangju, Korea, which is believed to have been built in the early twelfth century. Radiocarbon dating of the paper fragment suggests a manufacture date between 1460 and 1646 (at a 95% confidence interval). It was estimated to have been used during the early and middle period of the Joseon dynasty (1391–1776), when the Hoeamsa Temple site was rebuilt. In addition, by staining the fiber of the paper fragment with Graff “C” stain, the paper’s raw material was identified as paper mulberry through dislocation, cross-marking, and transparent membrane, which are characteristics of the bast fiber. Efforts were made to identify their material properties and manufacturing techniques of the three types of pigments. Color difference analysis was performed by distributing the pigments in large areas to reveal characteristic differences according to the color difference of the pigment. We found that green-type pigments are malachite and atacamite, red-type pigments are hematite based on the element Fe, and white-type pigments are quartz and muscovite based on the elements Si and Al. In addition, as the size distribution of the three types of pigments is wide and has a multi-peak distribution curve, it was concluded that the pigments were used without purification.

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Analysis on Characteristics of Pigments Manufactured with Various Neorok Produced from Mt. Gwangjeongsan, Pohang

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Analysis of Characteristics Pigment And Paper Excavated At The Site of Hoeamsa Temple (12th-Century), Korea

Analysis of Characteristics Pigment And Paper Excavated At The Site of Hoeamsa Temple (12th-Century), Korea

Analysis of pigments and damages for the 19th century White-robed Water-moon Avalokitesvara Painting in Gongju Magoksa Temple, Republic of Korea

A case study on Hoeamsa Temple, Korea: technical examination and identification of pigments and paper unearthed from the temple site

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