Analysis of Volatile Constituents of Ginkgo Leaf

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) is one of the oldest trees on earth. The medicinal use of its seeds and leaves has been a tradition for thousands of years. The standardized extract (known as EGb 761) contains several biologically active components, among them are terpenes and flavonoid glycosides that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of Ginkgonis folium. According to European Union herbal monographs (EUHM), the leaves of Ginkgo are recommended for the treatment of dementia, cerebral vascular insufficiency, and disorders of the peripheral circulation. The aim of our work was to analyze volatile constituents of Ginkgo leaf. Leaves of 3 Ginkgo trees were analyzed; 2 of which grow in the Medicinal Plants Garden (young trees A and B) and 1 at the Botanical Garden (old tree C) in Bratislava. The leaves were collected in 2014. The essential oil was isolated and quantified using hydrodistillation according to European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) The volatile constituents of Ginkgonis folium were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). We identified 16 constituents of the leaves of tree A, 18 in tree B, and 14 in tree C. The volatiles of the 3 trees differ in the respective amounts of monoterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and their methyl esters. The following constituents were identified in all of the 3 trees in largest percentage: hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (23.6%, 16.0%, and 27.7%), α-linolenic acid methyl ester (14.8%, 20.7%, and 15.1%), and pentacosane (22.2%, 22.4%, and 21.9%). Other identified compounds include the monoterpenes ( E)- α-ionone and ( E)- β-ionone.

The changes in fatty acid profile during senescence and methyl jasmonate-induced senescence of Ginkgo biloba leaves

“…Hortorum Cultus, 22(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2023.4621 as well as jasmonic acid and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, an intermediate metabolite in JAs biosynthesis [Saniewski et al 2020]. Moreover, recently Czigle et al [2019] demonstrated in the volatile constituent in G. biloba leaves the presence of linolenic acid methyl ester, whose biosynthesis may be related to the loss of C18:3 observed in our study during senescence of G. biloba leaves. These reasons are possible contributors to the observed decline in linolenic acid, and should be taken into account in explaining the causes of this phenomenon.…”

Essential Oils of Ginkgo biloba Yellow Leaves Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

“…The constituents were hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and acids. 21 The ionones were detected only in one young tree and limonene only in the old one. 21…”

“…The constituents were hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and acids. 21 The ionones were detected only in one young tree and limonene only in the old one. 21 G. biloba green leaves have been used for the extraction of biologically active compounds using various extraction techniques.…”

“…19 The rose ketone was identified previously only in essential oil obtained from young tree leaves while in the essential oil obtained from leaves collected in November, it presented 0.85%. 21 The most abundant compounds in the essential oil obtained from the leaves collected in November were: caryophyllene-4 (12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol (7.1%), 14-hydroxy-( Z )-caryophyllene (5.8%), caryophyllene oxide (5.8%), hydroxydihydroedulan (5.6%), iso -italicene epoxide (4.8%), clovenol (4.6%), spathulenol (4.4%), geranyl acetone (4.0%), and 4-hydroxy-9-epi-( E )-caryophyllene (3.4%) (Table 1). Oxygenated sesquiterterpenes were the most abundant compounds present in the essential oil (Table 1).…”

Analytical Investigation of Active Compound Contents of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. Supplements Fortified with Apitherapy Products

“…Quality control of Ginkgo biloba L. extracts and leaves can be routinely carried out by reversedphase HPLC (RP-HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) (Dubber & Kanfer, 2006;Kaur et al, 2009), refractive index (RI) (Wang & Ju, 2000), diode array detector (DAD) (Tang et al, 2010) and mass spectrometry detection (Wang et al, 2017). As an orthogonal technique gas chromatography (GC) system equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometry (MS) detection (Czigle et al, 2019) is also used. At sample preparation steps; cold and hot extraction, pressurized solvent extraction and ultrasoundassisted extraction is typically applied to achieve the simultaneous analysis of terpene trilactones and flavonol aglycones (Kaur et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2015).…”