“…The optimal solution of deterministic optimization is often located on the constraint boundary. However, design variables are often subject to uncertainty (Ai et al ., 2022b; Meng et al ., 2020a; Wang et al ., 2022; He and Deng, 2022; Ku et al ., 2022; Wakjira et al ., 2022a). Therefore, due to the influence of uncertain factors, the optimal design may violate the set constraints (Li et al ., 2020; Xiao, 2021; Song and Xiao, 2022; Xue and Deng, 2022; Meng et al ., 2021a; Wakjira et al ., 2022b).…”