Analysis of transient overvoltage phenomena due to direct lightning strikes on wind turbine blade

Malcolm, Newman; Aggarwal, R.K.

doi:10.1109/pesgm.2014.6938780

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As can be observed from Fig. 1 [34,35], the surge arresters are a significant part of the lightning protection strategy for the wind turbines electrical system. It can be seen from this figure that the surge arresters are connected to the grounding conductor and the tower base grounding network represented by R g .…”

Section: Wind Turbine Lightning Protection Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

Malcolm

Aggarwal

2015

Renewable Energy

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a b s t r a c tThis paper proposes a modelling and simulation process for assessing the energy absorption capability of metal oxide varistor (MOV) surge arresters used for lightning protection of wind turbines electrical systems situated in wind farms, when exposed to multiple lightning strokes. A section of an existing wind farm, suitable for lightning transient overvoltage analysis is implemented in the Electromagnetic transients programme-Alternative transients programme (EMTP-ATP) environment and modelled as a test system for analysing the energy absorbed by the medium voltage surge arresters when multiple lightning strokes are terminated on one of the blade of the wind turbines. Two well-established sets of multiple lightning current parameters are employed in the EMTP-ATP simulations; the natural downward negative multiple lightning strokes recommended by CIGRE TB 549 (2013) and the downward positive multiple lightning strokes recommended by IEC 61400-24-2010 for lightning protection level one (LPL1). The results show that the subsequent stroke causes the surge arresters to absorbed less than ten percent additional energy compared to that of the first stroke. This comparative analysis could be found beneficial when designing lightning overvoltage protection system and for selecting the most cost effective and optimal energy absorption capabilities of the surge arresters for the intended wind farms.

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Section: Wind Turbine Lightning Protection Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The length of the horizontal ground wire is assumed to be 300 m per span as shown in Fig. 3 [34,35]. Each span is modelled as single phase distributed parameters cascaded in 10 m per p-segment in accordance with [14].…”

Section: Horizontal Grounding Wirementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

Malcolm

Aggarwal

2015

Renewable Energy

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“…It cannot explain the lightning strikes observed in the close vicinity of the blade tip . As a supplementary means of protection in case of uncertainty in the behavior of such system with metal receptors and internal down‐conductors, low voltage surge arresters are proposed to reduce transient overvoltage in the low voltage network . Meanwhile, the fact that the rotation of the blades makes it easier to trigger lightning is verified .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency

et al. 2019

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Existing studies of the spatial allocation of wind farms are typically based on turbine power generation efficiency and rarely consider the damage caused by lightning strikes. However, lightning damage seriously affects the economic performance of wind farms because of the high cost of repairing or replacing damaged blades. This paper proposes a method for the spatial optimization of multiple turbines based on lightning protection dependability. Firstly, the lightning protection efficiency of turbine blade protection systems is analyzed by combining the physical mechanisms of lightning leader progression with a conventional electro-geometric model to develop an electro-geometric model of turbine blades (EGMTB). Then, the optimized spatial allocation of multiple turbines in a wind farm is investigated using the EGMTB. The results are illustrated from an example wind farm with 1.5 MW turbines, which shows that the optimal spacing between two turbines perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction L ⊥ is 4R-6R, where R is the length of a turbine blade. This spacing is shown to effectively shield turbine blades from lightning damage over a wide range of lightning currents (>26-60 kA). Note that, the suggested L ⊥ will be smaller considering the influence of lightning polarity as it takes more difficulty developing upward leader (UL) in the condition of positive lightning striking. Experiments verify the effectiveness and correctness of this method. KEYWORDS dynamic striking distance, lightning leader progression model, lightning protection, optimized spatial allocation, wind farm NOMENCLATURE: EGMTB, Electro-geometric model of turbine blades; R, Length of a turbine blade; Dw, Prevailing wind direction; L⊥, Spacing between two turbines in the perpendicular direction relative to the prevailing wind direction D w ; L // , Spacing between two turbines in the parallel direction relative to the prevailing wind direction D (assumed to be 0.55 × 10 8 ); R0, Electrode curvature radius; R1, Impact ionization area boundaries; Q, Free electrons; KQ, Environmental factor with a value of 3.5 × 10-11 C/(V m); qL, A constant that represents the charge necessary for per-unit length to achieve the thermal transition from a streamer to the leader channel; Rr, Striking distances of the receptor; Rb, Striking distances of the blade body; I max , Maximum lightning current at which the LPS may fail; I risk , Minimum lightning current that begins to damage the blade material when subjected to lightning; l MN , Exposed distance representing the horizontal distance between two endpoints of the exposed arc; l MO , Total distance of the vertical projection of the entire investigated blade on the ground; D, Spacing between two turbines in the perpendicular direction relative to the prevailing wind direction Dw; Dmax, The maximum shielding distance between two turbines considering EGMTB; Lf, Maximum horizontal distance of the striking distance envelope arc; keraunic level, Average annual thunderstorm days or thunderstorm hours per year

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“…As one of the fixed foundations, jacket foundation can effectively reduce the damage from bad marine environment. Offshore WTs are especially susceptible to lightning strikes due to their height, distinctive shape and exposed location [3]. When the offshore WTs are struck by lightning, lightning current often flows through the blade, nacelle, tower, and foundation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modeling analysis of grounding resistance and sea surface potential on the jacket foundation offshore wind turbines

2018

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Offshore wind turbines (WTs) are frequently exposed to the risk from lightning, storm, and waves. As a kind of fixed foundations, jacket foundation can effectively reduce the correlatively risk and loss. In order to provide more information about the lightning protection of jacket foundation, a simulation model has been built by simplifying the hollow steel tubes into a series of solid steel cylinders. And some conclusions on the grounding resistance of jacket foundation have been summarized in this paper by using the GSSAS (Grounding System Safe Analysis Software). According to the simulation results, the actual influential factors of grounding resistance, including the depth of seawater, the thickness of clay layer and the resistivity of gravel layer, have been analysed and compared. It is found that the grounding resistance is influenced most severely by the depth of seawater. In addition, the values of sea surface potential have been calculated by the software GSSAS and the three-dimensional diagrams of potential distribution have been mapped out.

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Analysis of transient overvoltage phenomena due to direct lightning strikes on wind turbine blade

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency

A modeling analysis of grounding resistance and sea surface potential on the jacket foundation offshore wind turbines

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