Analysis of trans fatty acids production and squalene variation during amaranth oil extraction

Abstract

Abstract:© Versita Sp. z o.o. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the decay of squalene and the formation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in the amaranth oil extracted with hexane with and without heat. Oils were analyzed by determining their chemical values, and the fatty acids were identified and quantified by using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in the mid-region of 400-4000 cm -1 , and gas chromatography. The FTIR analysis shows that two oil extracts (with and without heat) present a well-defined peak at 968 cm -1 , which represents the trans double bonds. The quantified TFAs are <0.5 g per 100 g of oil, which is considered as TFAs-free. The squalene content in the oil extracted without and with heat are 6.98±1.1% and 7.12±1.3%, respectively. Our data suggest that the TFAs formation is directly promoted by thermal processing and that squalene content is not affected by the application of heat during the oil extraction process in amaranth.

Squalene from Fish Livers Extracted by Ultrasound‐Assisted Direct In Situ Saponification: Purification and Molecular Characteristics

“…Additionally, the unsaponifiable fraction may also contain other compounds such as waxes, tocopherols esters, sterols esters, and others with a high melting point (Czaplicki et al, ). Conversely, the higher percentage yield from gray bamboo and spot‐tail shark suggests the higher proportion of compounds with a lower melting point in the unsaponifiable matter, essentially the squalene, mainly due to its solubility in methanol/acetone (7:3 v/v) and low melting point (−70 °C) (Ortega et al, ). However, the other compounds with a higher melting point were crystallized and could be easily eliminated (Table ).…”

“…The intensity of the band from the conventional process was 3.2 fold higher than that from the U‐DS process. A spectral band for squalene within the frequency range of 1700–1750 cm −1 was mainly due to a spectral shift of the double bond, possibly associated with the cis double bonds when squalene was exposed to a higher temperature (Ortega et al, ). The U‐DS process could provide more suitable condition, deprived of chemical solvents, high temperature, and a longer time of extraction.…”

“…Squalene is an acyclic and highly unsaturated hydrocarbon with six nonconjugated double bonds (Nenadis and Tsimidou, ). It is pale yellow in color with low melting and high boiling temperatures (−70 °C and 285 °C, respectively) (Ortega et al, ). Squalene is a key intermediate in the formation of bacterial hopanoids and eukaryotic sterols.…”

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Oil Extracted from Amaranth

“…Furthermore, Amaranth seeds oil contains other lipid components other than squalene. These components are phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols [14].…”

PROPERTIES OF СREZACIN AS A GROWTH STIMULANT OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH (Amaranthus L.)

“…В них обнаружено повышенное содержание витаминов С (11,15), А, Е, группы В (11-15) и другие полезные соединения -флавоноиды, антоцианы, каротиноиды, рутин (8)(9)(10)(11), сквален (16) и антиоксиданты, обладающие противоопухолевыми, антибактериальными и противовоспалительными свойствами (6,14,17). Употребление экстрактов амаранта, листьев, семян, масла или шрота как в составе блюд, так и в качестве лекарства помогает в профилактике и лечении заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой (18) и пищеварительной систем, сахарного диабета, ожирения (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Растения амаранта используют для приготовления продуктов детского и диетического питания (14,17).…”