Analysis of toxic elements in plastic components for toys. Multi-elemental determination by x-ray fluorescence

Gimeno-Adelantado, José Vicente; Martínez, Vladimir; Reig, F. Fosch; Carbó, María Teresa Doménech; Mossi, F. Bosch

doi:10.1016/0003-2670(93)85037-k

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…1 Meininghaus et al 2 determined some heavy metals in polymers used for wallpaper by ICP-AES after microwave digestion with HNO 3 and NH 4 F. Trace metals in food contact polymers were determined by ICP-MS using microwave digestion with H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 . 3 Martinez 4 and Adelantado 5 determined Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in plastic materials by XRF combined with precipitation with the dimethyldithiocarbamate precipitate after decomposition with NaOH fusion. The precipitate on the filter was analyzed by XRF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of calibrating standards for x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry of trace metals in plastics

Nakano

Nakamura

2003

X-Ray Spectrometry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of calibrating standards for x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry of trace metals in plastics

Nakano

Nakamura

2003

X-Ray Spectrometry

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“…In P-B design, the number of experiments is a multiple of four (4,8,12,16) and exceeds the number of factors by one. In this study, a 2 7-4 P-B design was applied to evaluate the main effects of seven factors.…”

Section: Screening Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the literature, [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12] seven variables were selected to define the experimental field (two qualitative or categorical and five quantitative or continuous). Those were the variables (or factors) considered in the sequential attack with two steps: In the first steps, time and temperature of the digestion with concentrated nitric acid; in the second steps, type of chemical (sulfuric acid or hydrogen peroxide), time and temperature of digestion, and type of digester (chemical oxygen demand reactor or ultrasonic bath).…”

Section: Screening Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] A great variety of procedures for metal determination in plastics have been published including nondestructive direct methods such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). [3][4][5][6] However, most of the laboratories have opted for digestion methods (among others highpressure incinerator, classic wet digestion, and closed-vessel assisted by microwave energy). Posterior metal determination has mainly been done using absorption or emission atomic spectroscopic techniques (AAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Posterior metal determination has mainly been done using absorption or emission atomic spectroscopic techniques (AAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS). [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12] Microwave (MW)-assisted dissolution presents several advantages over classic techniques such as reduction in the digestion time and decrease of sample contamination. Most of these studies have been carried out using commercial MW systems, which represent a high acquirement cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Experimental Design to the Optimization of a Wet Acid Digestion Procedure for Cd Determination in Plastic Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Malaxechevarria

Millán

2008

Spectroscopy Letters

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A simple and reliable method for Cd determination in plastic materials using optimized wet acid digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed. In order to obtain the best experimental conditions for plastic digestion, a 2 7-4 Plackett-Burman design for screening the significant factors and a 2 4-1 central composite design to optimize the significant experimental variables were carried out. The polyethylene European Reference Material ERM-EC680 with certified Cd content was used in both the screening and the optimization steps. The optimized experimental conditions 0.200 g of plastic material digested with 2 mL nitric acid (30 min, 130 C) followed by 1 mL sulfuric acid (30 min, 140 C). The accuracy and precision was checked using ERM-EC680. The Cd recovery was 101.3% and the relative standard deviation was 5.6%. The limit of detection obtained was 0.23 mg kg À1 . The method was applied in the analysis of one PVC plastic material, several commercial packaging materials, and plastic toys.

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Application of energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the characterization of plastic materials in synthetic polymer conservation work

2012

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Plastic artifacts archived in museums deteriorate with time and require proper care by conservators to prevent their degradation and to maintain the objects in good condition. Degradation processes depend on the type of plastic and conditions of storage. Knowledge of the chemical composition of plastic artifacts is thus very important and facilitates conservation work. The capabilities of energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry with monochromatic excitation were investigated for possible characterization of the plastic materials used in artifacts from museum collections. For this purpose, a simple and suitable nondestructive analytical protocol was developed on the basis of the intensity of the coherent and the incoherent scattered excitation radiation from artifacts, compared with scattering from typical plastic materials such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene. Fifteen plastic artifacts, such as souvenirs, household wares, and toys, were characterized in this way according to their chemical composition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Analysis of toxic elements in plastic components for toys. Multi-elemental determination by x-ray fluorescence

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Preparation of calibrating standards for x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry of trace metals in plastics

Preparation of calibrating standards for x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry of trace metals in plastics

Application of Experimental Design to the Optimization of a Wet Acid Digestion Procedure for Cd Determination in Plastic Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Application of energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the characterization of plastic materials in synthetic polymer conservation work

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