Analysis of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Hard Carbon Electrodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Carboni, Marco; Manzi, Jessica; Armstrong, A. Robert; Billaud, Juliette; Brutti, Sergio; Younesi, Reza

doi:10.1002/celc.201801621

Cited by 69 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…[121] When HC anodes were cycled in the electrolyte consisting of 1 m NaTFSI in PC with 3% FEC as additive, the composition of the porous SEI formed on the anode surface was mainly organic carbonates, and the contents of Na 2 CO 3 and NaF increased upon cycling. [24] While another report on HC anodes in the electrolyte consisting of 1 m [94] Copyright 2019, Elsevier.…”

Section: Electrolyte Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Zhao

Lai

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

357

199

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scarce resources, uneven distribution, and arduous recycling of lithium. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) operating with similar mechanism to that of LIBs are considered as affordable alternatives, [2] as a result of the desirable performances as well as much abundant resources of sodium and potassium. [3] The performances of the alkali metal-ion batteries depend much on the cathode and anode materials. Various types of cathode materials based on the reversible insertion/ extraction of alkali metal ions including transition metal oxides, fluorides, phosphates, hexacyanoferrates, and sulfates have been developed, and plenty of them exhibit desirable energy density and cycling performances. [4] Progress on the research for anode materials is relatively slow, however, as compared with their cathode counterparts. [5] Based on the reaction mechanisms, the anodes generally fall into three categories: insertion based, conversion based, and alloying based. [6] The conversion-based materials exhibit high theoretical specific capacities derived from the conversion reactions during the uptake of alkali metal ions. [7] Due to the large volume variations during charge/discharge, however, the conversion-based anodes exhibit rapid capacity fading. The alloyingbased materials deliver high specific capacity by the alloying reaction, but the material pulverization derived from repeated volume changes results in poor reversibility. [8] Insertion-based materials include titanium-based oxides and carbonaceous materials. Although the small volume change, high rate capability, and good cycling stability of titanium-based oxides are desirable, their high working voltages and low specific capacities are detrimental to the power density of the full cells. [9] Carbonaceous materials, including graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, soft carbon (SC), hard carbon (HC), etc., are promising anode candidates for alkali metal-ion batteries. [10] Graphite has been developed as a practical anode for commercial LIBs. They have steady discharge curves and low operation potential (≈0.1 V vs Li + /Li), and the formation of stable graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) LiC 6 delivers a moderate theoretical intercalation capacity of 372 mAh g −1 . [11] While the intercalation capacities of graphite anodes for SIBs and PIBs are not satisfactory, delivering 35 mAh g −1 for SIBs with NaC 64Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal-ion batteries including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal-ion batteries are illustrated in-depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid-electrolyte interph...

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Section: Electrolyte Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Zhao

Lai

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

357

199

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Their relative intensities, however, are reversed. The component centered at 284.4 eV is typical of sp 2 graphite-like carbons [27], whereas the signal at slightly higher energy (284.8 eV) is commonly attributed to "defective graphite" [28].…”

Section: Synthesis Structure and Morphology Of Pure Bp And Composite P-c Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries: Green, Low-Cost and High-Capacity Anode Compartment Encompassing Phosphorus/Carbon Nanocomposite as the Active Material and Aluminum as the Current Collector

Quartarone

Eisenmann

Kuenzel

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternative to Lithium-ion batteries for massive stationary energy storage. To improve energy density, however, more performing active materials are needed. In order to allow sustainable scale-up, it is also mandatory to develop green products and processes. Herein, we report on anodes of phosphorus/carbon (P/C) nanocomposites prepared via High Energy Ball Milling (HEBM), a simple, powerful and easily scalable synthesis technique. The electrodes were prepared under oxygen-free atmosphere, using water as solvent, which enabled the use of aluminum (instead of copper) as current collector, implying significant cost reduction. The P/C nanocomposite obtained after 54 hours HEBM resulted in excellent cycling stability, delivering very high specific capacity (2200 mAh g -1 , C/20) and showing good capacity retention after 120 cycles. A careful structural analysis (XRD, FESEM-EDS, XPS), revealed that long milling times strongly increased cycling stability due to: i) significant decrease of P particle size inside the matrix and deep composite amorphization, which alleviates the buffering dimensional issues typical of black phosphorus; ii) presence of defects in the carbonaceous component, which allows easier Na + insertion into the anode. Our results show that P/C nanocomposites are very promising anode materials for SIBs, paving the way for further exploitation of nano-architectures in SIBs technology.

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“…The galvanostatic charge‐discharge curves of electrode materials shown in Figure b, exhibit two distinct regions, the sloping region and plateau region. The sloping region corresponds to the reversible ad‐/chemisorption of Na ions at the defect sites and the plateau region can be attributed to nanovoids filling storage . It is worth noting that HC‐SC composite shows an irreversible capacity during the initial cycle, which could be attributed to the large surface area of HC‐SC leading to the consumption/trapping of sodium ions used in the formation of SEI membranes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sloping region corresponds to the reversible ad-/chemisorption of Na ions at the defect sites and the plateau region can be attributed to nanovoids filling storage. [44,45] It is worth noting that HC-SC composite shows an irreversible capacity during the initial cycle, which could be attributed to the large surface area of HC-SC leading to the consumption/trapping of sodium ions used in the formation of SEI membranes. In addition, the decomposition of sodium carbonate (resultant of sodium and its oxidized sites) on/in the HC-SC was discovered to be associated with irreversible capacity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Promising Hard Carbon−Soft Carbon Composite Anode with Boosting Sodium Storage Performance

Xue

Gao

et al. 2020

ChemElectroChem

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Hard carbon anodes are the most promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries due to lower sodium-embedded platform and higher specific capacity. However, pure hard carbon carbons usually show very low initial coulombic efficiency, low electronic conductance, et al. Herein, hard carbon-soft carbon (HC-SC) composites composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blooming on porous hard carbon, which were synthesized through thermal decomposition of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite. This unique structure could greatly promote the sodium-ion diffusion and electron transport due to the increased electrode/ electrolyte contact area and enlarged pores. As expected, the HC-SC delivers a high capacity (306.8 mAh g À 1 at 500 mA g À 1), impressive cycling stability (256.8 mAh g À 1 after 1000 cycles) and enhanced rate performance (144.9 mAh g À 1 at 20 C), which are far superior to those of both individual hard carbon and soft carbon. This encouraging performance may benefit from the synergistic effect of the modified defect concentration and interlayer distance in hard carbon by soft carbon, as well as the unique hierarchical structure. This work provides an exemplary strategy to develop optimized carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries.

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Analysis of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Hard Carbon Electrodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Cited by 69 publications

References 61 publications

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Towards Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries: Green, Low-Cost and High-Capacity Anode Compartment Encompassing Phosphorus/Carbon Nanocomposite as the Active Material and Aluminum as the Current Collector

A Promising Hard Carbon−Soft Carbon Composite Anode with Boosting Sodium Storage Performance

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