Analysis of the relationship between total cholesterol, age, body mass index among males and females in the WHO MONICA Project

Gostynski, Michal; Gutzwiller, Félix; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Döring, Angela; Ferrario, Marco; Grafnetter, D; Pająk, Andrzej

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802714

Cited by 129 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…20 The finding of relationship between TC and BMI was affected by age is consistent with the WHO MONICA study, where a weaker cholesterol-BMI association was found in the older age groups. 21 The findings that waist, waist hip and WHtR appeared to be more related to cardiovascular risk factors even in the old ages were consistent with other studies. 3,4,22,23 However, the optimal cutoff point for waist circumference for Thai compared to other Asian countries such as Chinese or Japanese might be different.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults

2006

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Objective: To examine the relationship of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes in Thai population. Design: A national cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects: Five thousand and three hundred five Thai adults aged X35 years. Measurements: Body weight, height, waist and hip circumference and cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose were measured. Age-and sex-specific means and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors were calculated and compared among anthropometric measurements. Results: There were increasing trends of severity of cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of morbidity conditions across increasing levels of BMI, WC, WHpR and WHtR categories. For age group X65 years, WC, WHpR and WHtR provided more consistent association with cardiovascular risk factors than BMI. Area under the curve indicated that measurement of central obesity could predict cardiovascular risk better than BMI. The optimal cutoff points for anthropometric measurements were in line with the Asia-Pacific recommendation; however, similar cutoff point for men and women between 82 and 85 cm was observed. Conclusion: Central obesity indices were slightly better associated with cardiovascular risk factors compared to BMI in Thai adults aged X35 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults

2006

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“…Some have argued that prevention of weight gain is not important in older adults, but should be directed to young adults (31) . We have argued before that weight gain prevention at older age is still important in preventing adverse health outcomes (32) , since weight gain in this age group is progressively related to higher absolute risk for disease and mortality (4,(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age, period and cohort effects on body weight and body mass index in adults: The Doetinchem Cohort Study

Nooyens

Visscher

Schuit

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To study the development of body weight with ageing, in a general adult population, taking into account possible period and cohort effects. Design: A prospective cohort study with 11 years of follow-up. At baseline and after 6 and 11 years, body weight and height were measured. Setting: The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects: In total, 4070 healthy men and women aged 20-59 years at baseline. Results: Increase in BMI with ageing was less profound based on cross-sectional data than based on longitudinal data. More recent-born cohorts had a higher BMI at a given age than cohorts who were born earlier. Increase in mean BMI with ageing was observed in all age groups and was similar for groups with a different educational level. Highest increase in BMI over 11 years was observed in the youngest group, aged 20-29 years at baseline (2?2 [95 % CL 2?0, 2?3] kg/m 2 ), and lowest increase in the oldest group, aged 50-59 years at baseline (1?1 [1?0, 1?3] kg/m 2 ). Conclusions: Findings of the present study using longitudinal data suggest that increase in BMI with ageing is underestimated in all age groups by studying crosssectional data only. Further, weight gain is present in all educational levels and does not stop at middle age. Keywords Adults Ageing Body weight Cohort LongitudinalIt is often observed that levels of BMI and prevalence of obesity increase with age until age 60-70 years and decline thereafter. These observations are usually based on crosssectional studies (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) . However, such age-BMI relationships may result from mixed effects of ageing per se, characteristics of subsequent birth cohorts and selective survival. Studies based on successive cross-sectional surveys show that younger birth cohorts have a higher mean BMI at the same age compared to older cohorts (2,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10) , and that the prevalence of overweight and obesity increases over time, independent of age (11)(12)(13)(14)(15) . Increases in BMI with ageing in cross-sectional studies may be the result of age and cohort effects, while increases in BMI with ageing in longitudinal studies may include period effects. Age effects on body weight and BMI are due to behavioural and physiological changes within individuals (16) that occur as a result of ageing, e.g. the lowering in energy requirement at rest with ageing. Period effects are due to population-wide changes in behaviours and other exposures among individuals independent of ageing (16) during the study period and affect all birth cohorts simultaneously, e.g. a change in legislation during the study period that promotes active transport. Cohort effects are influences of populationwide exposures that took place before the study period, e.g. secular differences in environment that may affect behaviour during later life. Disentangling age, period and cohort effects on BMI is crucial to assess future trends in BMI and accompanying health disorders (17) . Evaluation of age, period and co...

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“…Obesity correlates positively with plasma cholesterol (CHOL) concentrations (Gostynski et al 2004), and raised serum CHOL in obese pregnant women (Ramsay et al 2002) has been observed to play a key role in smooth muscle contraction (Babiychuk et al 2004, Smith et al 2005. Ex vivo manipulation of myometrial CHOL content reveals that decreasing and increasing CHOL increases and decreases the strength of myometrial contractions respectively, suggesting that high circulatory CHOL seen in many obese women could impair uterine activity during labour (Smith et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat

Elmes

Tan²,

Cheng³

et al. 2011

Reproduction

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Increasing levels of obesity within women of reproductive age is a major concern in the UK. Approximately, 13% of women aged !30 and 22% of 31-to 40-year-old women are obese. Obesity increases complications during pregnancy and the risk of caesarean section due to prolonged labour and poor uterine activity. The aim was to investigate whether a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet decreases markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat. Female Wistar rats were fed control (CON, nZ10) or HFHC (nZ10) diets for 6 weeks. Animals were mated and, once pregnant, maintained on their diet throughout gestation. On gestational day 19, rats were monitored continuously and killed at the onset of parturition. Body and fat depot weights were recorded. Myometrial tissue was analysed for cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TAG), and expression of the contractile associated proteins gap junction protein alpha 1 (GJA1; also known as connexin-43, CX-43), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; also known as cyclo-oxygenase-2, COX-2) and caveolin-1 (CAV1) and maternal plasma for prostaglandin F 2a (PGF 2a ) and progesterone. HFHC fed rats gained greater weight than CON (P!0.003) with significant increases in peri-renal fat (P!0.01). The HFHC diet increased plasma CHOL, TAG and progesterone, but decreased PGF 2a versus CON (P!0.01, P!0.01, PZ0.05 and P!0.02 respectively). Total CHOL and TAG levels of uterine tissue were similar. However, HFHC fed rats showed significant increases in PTGS2 (P!0.037), but decreases in GJA1 and CAV1 (PZ0.059). In conclusion, a HFHC diet significantly increases body weight and alters lipid profiles that correlate with decreases in key markers of uterine contractility. Further work is required to ascertain whether these changes have adverse effects on uterine activity.

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Analysis of the relationship between total cholesterol, age, body mass index among males and females in the WHO MONICA Project

Cited by 129 publications

References 43 publications

Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults

Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults

Age, period and cohort effects on body weight and body mass index in adults: The Doetinchem Cohort Study

The effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat

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