Analysis of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar Obtained by Slow Pyrolysis of Nut Shells in a Nitrogen Atmosphere

Abstract

The process of slow pyrolysis of seven nut shell samples, in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere, has been studied, as well as characteristics of biochar obtained. The heat carrier with a temperature of 400–600 °C (with a step of 100 °C) was supplied indirectly using a double-walled reactor. The heating rate was 60 °C/min. At increased temperature of the heating medium, a decrease in the amount of the resulting carbon residue averaged 6.2 wt%. The release of non-condensable combustible gas-phase compounds CO, CH4, and H2, with maximum concentrations of 12.7, 14.0, and 0.7 vol%, respectively, was registered. The features of the obtained biochar sample conversions were studied using thermal analysis in inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (air) mediums at 10 °C/min heating rate. Kinetic analysis was performed using Coats–Redfern method. Thermal analysis showed that the main weight loss (Δm = 32.8–43.0 wt%) occurs at temperatures ranging between 290 °C and 400 °C, which is due to cellulose decomposition. The maximum carbon content and, hence, heat value were obtained for biochars made from macadamia nut and walnut shells. An increased degree of coalification of the biochar samples affected their reactivity and, in particular, caused an increase in the initial temperature of intense oxidation (on average, by 73 °C). While technical and elemental composition of nut shell samples studied were quite similar, the morphology of obtained biochar was different. The morphology of particles was also observed to change as the heating medium temperature increased, which was expressed in the increased inhomogeneity of particle surface. The activation energy values, for biochar conversion in an inert medium, were found to vary in the range of 10–35 kJ/mol and, in an oxidative medium—50–80 kJ/mol. According to literature data, these values were characteristic for lignin fibers decomposition and oxidation, respectively.

Selective Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 1‐Hydroxy‐2,5‐hexanedione by Biochar‐Supported Ru Catalysts

“…The SEM images of B HS (Figure 3a,b) show rounded and elliptical depressions on the surface with supplemental inner channels and cavities similar to what was reported by Gorshkov et al [64] . In contrast, B L (Figure 3c,d) exhibits a morphology akin to broken glass shards with no specific porosity ascribing that an activation step besides pyrolysis was necessary to improve B L porosity for using in the catalytic application.…”

Characterization of the Residue (Endocarp) of Acrocomia aculeata and Its Biochars as a Potential Source for Soilless Growing Media

“…However, note that although a slight increase in the ash content was observed with an increasing pyrolysis temperature, they were smaller than 5% of the dry weight of the biochars. Comparable low values were obtained for other nutshell biochars [37] and were explained with the low ash content of such biomass [38].…”

A Comprehensive Study of Biochar Yield and Quality Concerning Pyrolysis Conditions: A Multifaceted Approach

“…Gorshkov et al [27] examined the physicochemical properties of biochar obtained through slow pyrolysis of hazelnut shells. In the research, pyrolysis temperatures of 400-600 • C were used.…”