Analysis of the Kinetics of Swimming Pool Water Reaction in Analytical Device Reproducing Its Circulation on a Small Scale

Abstract

The most common cause of diseases in swimming pools is the lack of sanitary control of water quality; water may contain microbiological and chemical contaminants. Among the people most at risk of infection are children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people. The origin of the problem is a need to develop a system that can predict the formation of chlorine water disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs are volatile organic compounds from the group of alkyl halides, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and bioaccumulating. Long-term exposure, even to low concentrations of THM in water and air, may result in damage to the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland, or nervous system. This article focuses on analysis of the kinetics of swimming pool water reaction in analytical device reproducing its circulation on a small scale. The designed and constructed analytical device is based on the SIMATIC S7-1200 PLC driver of SIEMENS Company. The HMI KPT panel of SIEMENS Company enables monitoring the process and control individual elements of device. Value of the reaction rate constant of free chlorine decomposition gives us qualitative information about water quality, it is also strictly connected to the kinetics of the reaction. Based on the experiment results, the value of reaction rate constant was determined as a linear change of the natural logarithm of free chlorine concentration over time. The experimental value of activation energy based on the directional coefficient is equal to 76.0 [kJ×mol−1]. These results indicate that changing water temperature does not cause any changes in the reaction rate, while it still affects the value of the reaction rate constant. Using the analytical device, it is possible to constantly monitor the values of reaction rate constant and activation energy, which can be used to develop a new way to assess pool water quality.

Bactericidal efficiency, phenolic coefficient, and protein index of disinfectant Biolaid against Escherichia coli

“…Research and Control Institute of Biotechnology and Strains of Microorganisms, 30 Donetska Str., Kyiv, 03151, Ukraine; e-mail: 1 o.chechet@vetlabresearch. gov.ua, 2 kovalenkodoktor@gmail.com, 3 Goroliva@ ukr.net, 4 olga.gaidei@gmail.com, 5 oksana759@ ukr.net, 6 and_valentina@hotmail.com, 7 bacdndi@ukr.net, 8 ordynskadiana@ukr.net; ORCID: 1 0000-0001-5099-5577, 2 0000-0001-5099-5577, 3 0000-0002-0573-2089, 4 0000-0001-8501-1750, 5 0000-0003-2119-7749, 6 0000-0002-0983-9297, 7 0000-0002-2456-560Х, 8 0000-0003-3481-3248.…”

“…bacdndi@ukr.net, 8 ordynskadiana@ukr.net ORCID: 1 0000-0001-5099-5577, 2 0000-0001-5099-5577, 3 0000-0002-0573-2089, 4 0000-0001-8501-1750, 5 0000-0003-2119-7749, 6 0000-0002-0983-9297, 7 0000-0002-2456-560Х, 8 0000-0003-3481-3248 Надійшла 08.06.2022…”

Controlling an Industrial Robot Using a Graphic Tablet in Offline and Online Mode

“…The qualitative leap that accompanies the fourth industrial revolution results in humans and machines co-creating a production system [ 15 ]. In this system, various components can be distinguished: Incremental manufacturing (3D printing)—used to produce complete products [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], systems integration—the flow of data and control signals between machines, information systems, people and management systems [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)—the unified integration of statuary and management systems [ 23 , 24 ], Cloud computing—making external hardware and software resources available to process production data and perform complex calculations for the production process itself as well as for management systems [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], big data analysis (Big Data)—i.e., the use of large computing powers to collect, store and analyze large amounts of data [ 28 , 29 ], augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR) [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]—technologies that are proposing to move industry to virtual and augmented reality, Cyber security—which plays a huge role in cloud computing and analyzing large data sets on external servers [ 33 , 34 ]. …”

“…systems integration—the flow of data and control signals between machines, information systems, people and management systems [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ],…”

Industrial Robot Control by Means of Gestures and Voice Commands in Off-Line and On-Line Mode

“…Already today, Industry 4.0 integrates people and digitally controlled machines with the Internet and information technologies in various fields of technology [2,3]. On the one hand, the information flow is carried out at the level of the production process between the machines; on the other hand, the process information obtained supports company management systems, which makes it easier to forecast production efficiency.…”