Analysis of the Impact of Park Scale on Urban Park Equity Based on 21 Incremental Scenarios in the Urban Core Area of Chongqing, China

Abstract

some positive signs toward reducing inequality in some dimensions, inequality still persists. Inequalities are deepening for vulnerable populations. Refugees and migrants, as well as indigenous peoples, elder individuals, people with disabilities and children are particularly at risk of being left behind. Urban park is an important kind of public resource, boasting economic, aesthetic, health and ecological values and providing indispensable space for urban residents' life. [1] However, an increasingly number of studies have revealed that the problem of inequitably distributed urban parks across socioeconomic groups presents a challenge to cities. [2][3][4] Particularly in developing countries which are undergoing rapid urbanization, such inequalities may have been aggravated. [5] Studies of urban park equity have generally investigated the difference of spatial accessibility of urban parks taking account of population with socioeconomic attributes. Such studies perform classification based on different attributes such as incomes, ages, and ethnic groups to quantitatively analyze the relationship between spatial distribution of urban parks and spatial clustering of social groups, so as to estimate the disparities in spatial provision. For developed counties in Europe and the United States, many studies have revealed that the groups of the ethnic minorities and the lowincome have less access to green space or parks compared with the groups of white people and the high-income. [1,4,6,7] Whilst black communities have less distance from residence to the nearest park, white communities are benefiting from parks with much larger areas, causing more crowded park space accessed by black communities. [8] Moreover, many low-income group people are forced to move to suburb because of trends such as urban deindustrialization, white migration, and urban center gentrification, which bring high pressure to provision of parks in urban suburb. [9,10] In Chinese literature, however, there is no consensus among scholars about the urban park equity with the socioeconomic status of residents. Parks and green spaces could be equally distributed with good access for vulnerable groups in some cities [11][12][13] but others could not. [14,15] Many studies have further investigated the driving factors to the urban park equity, such as physical, transport, social, and Whilst many cities have implemented strategies for urban park supply, the expected outcome may be productively poor, aggravating the inequality. However, little evidence of reducing urban park inequality through regulating urban park scale has been presented. The indicators of accessibility per capita park area, Gini coefficient, and accessible park share are adopted to assess the urban park inequality in Chongqing and examine park scale impacts, through 21 incremental scenarios. Whilst the overall urban park equity is relatively reasonable in Chongqing's core area, the park accessibility is markedly unequal in distribution. There is no significant difference between the age-...

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