“…have been shown to be pathogenic (Celar, 2000;Dinget al, 2017;Duan et al, 2017;Hibar et al, 2006;Manici et al, 2003;Ramamoorthy et al, 2002;Steinkellner et al, 2008;Tewoldemedhin et al, 2011b;Yan et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2016). And F. moniliforme have also been shown to be pathogenic on forest nurseries in Spain (Pinto et al, 2006), Sorghum in India, Maize in Iowa State (Da Silva, 2010), Scots pine seedlings in Palencia (Yang et al, 2012), Peach in California (Machon et al, 2006 and apple in China (Ju et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2018). After Fusarium contacts the host plant, it initiates physiological and biochemical reactions inside the strain through processes such as surface molecular interaction and signal transmission, and produces metabolites that act on the plant body to cause pathogenic effects.…”