Analysis of the four heart sounds statistical study and spectro-temporal characteristics

Debbal, S. M.

doi:10.1080/03091902.2020.1799095

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When concomitant ECG is lacking, S1 is easily identified on PCG as having a longer duration than S2 7 . The amplitude is not cited as a criterion, but according to our experience in normal cats with concomitant ECG and examples from the veterinary and human medical literature, 7,8 we were confident with the assumption that S1 was the tallest PCG signal on the tracings. Therefore, it was simple to identify S1 and S2 (the former being taller and longer than S2) and define the cardiac cycle, just as valve closure aids in defining end‐diastole and end‐systole on echocardiographic images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…7 When concomitant ECG is lacking, S1 is easily identified on PCG as having a longer duration than S2. 7 The amplitude is not cited as a criterion, but according to our experience in normal cats with concomitant ECG and examples from the veterinary and human medical literature, 7,8 we were confident with the assumption that S1…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…At least 3 consecutive cardiac cycles were evaluated. When concomitant ECG was lacking, S1 was identified as the taller (amplitude) and longer (duration) PCG signal of the 2 main sounds, based on experience and the veterinary and human medical literature 7,8 . When a third PCG signal was present it was classified as systolic (S1′, to distinguish it from S1, the other nearest sound), early‐diastolic (S3) or late‐diastolic (S4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systolic third sound associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Saponaro

Mey

Vonfeld

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThird heart sounds in cats frequently are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) but their exact characterization and timing within the cardiac cycle remains unknown.ObjectivesCharacterize third heart sounds in cats by phonocardiography and test the ability of 3 observers with different levels of experience and training to recognize third systolic heart sounds in cats.AnimalsFifty client‐owned cats of different breeds presented for heart screening.MethodsCats were prospectively assessed using an electronic stethoscope (with digital recording) and then underwent full conventional echocardiographic examination. Audio recordings were blindly assessed in a random order by 3 observers: the cardiologist who collected clinical data, as well as a trained and an untrained junior veterinarian. Cohen's kappa coefficients were calculated to quantify agreement between the opinion of each observer and the echocardiography results (considered the gold standard).ResultsTwenty cats had a third systolic sound on phonocardiography and an obstructive HCM phenotype with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) on echocardiography. Agreement with echocardiography was very good for the experienced cardiologist, substantial for the trained junior veterinarian, and poor for the untrained junior veterinarian (kappa of 0.92, 0,64, and 0.08, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWe describe here a new auscultatory abnormality in cats with obstructive HCM. It could help a trained non‐cardiologist veterinarian in suspecting obstructive HCM in cats based on auscultation only.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systolic third sound associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Saponaro

Mey

Vonfeld

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…In a normal heart, S1 has concentrated energy in the 100-150 Hz range with a single frequency spectral component of 0.04-0.15 s duration [24], and S2 has concentrated energy in the 50-250 Hz range is evenly distributed throughout 0.03-0.15 s. 0.12 s [25], [26]. Whereas in abnormal heart conditions, S1 shows more than one frequency energy spectrum, and its duration is wider than normal S1 conditions [27], [28], while S2 shows a frequency energy spectrum that is not uniformly distributed and has a longer duration [29], [30]. Under normal conditions, the energy magnitude of the S1 signal is higher than that of S2, while under abnormal conditions, the S2 signal has a wider magnitude than S1 [31], [32].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multimodal Model of ECG and Heart Sound Signal by Considering Normal and Abnormal Heart

Oktivasari

Haryanto²,

Suprijadi³

2022

JOIV : Int. J. Inform. Visualization

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Analysis of the opening and closing of heart valves and the movement of blood flow in the heart are important in the domain of early detection of heart conditions. To build this correlation model, multimodal signals from electrocardiography and stethoscope are needed. Multimodal signaling was performed using primary data with the same sampling at 10 seconds by recording the PQRST heart signal in the lying position using electrocardiography and the heart sound in the sitting position using an electronic stethoscope. Experimental results showed that the number of R peaks is the same as the number of S1 sound peaks, and also the number of T peaks with the number of S2 sound peaks, so it can be concluded that there is a regular signal pattern relationship between S1-S2 and the RT wave, namely the relationship at the end of the first peak of the QRS wave. The cardiac signal due to ventricular depolarization (ventricular contraction), the appearance of an S1 heart sound, and the association of the end of the next peak of the T wave of cardiac signals indicate ventricular repolarization and the appearance of an S2 heart sound. This is consistent with the fact that electrical events in cardiac activity occur before mechanical events in normal heart conditions. Based on the study of HRV parameters, heart sound signals can be used to determine HRV parameters. The results show the same number of peaks in normal hearts, while in abnormal hearts, there are differences in results because abnormal heart conditions have an erratic rhythmic pattern.

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Robotic Auscultation over Clothes for Eliminating Gender Bias

Tsumura

Umezawa

Morishima

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

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Analysis of the four heart sounds statistical study and spectro-temporal characteristics

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Systolic third sound associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Systolic third sound associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A Multimodal Model of ECG and Heart Sound Signal by Considering Normal and Abnormal Heart

Robotic Auscultation over Clothes for Eliminating Gender Bias

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