Analysis of the evolution of potential and free furfural compounds in the production chain of infant formula and risk assessment

Shen, Zhengchao; Ma, Xin; Ali, Muhammad Mujahid; Jiang, Liang; Du, Zhenxia

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130814

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In this study, we found that the concentration of FF gradually decreased over time at 4 °C, but the concentration of 5-HMF did not change. Shen et al [ 26 ] analyzed 36 samples covering the entire infant formula production chain and found the largest increase of 5-HMF in the spray drying (6 to 11 times) and homogenization stages (12 to 33 times) with a high hazard quotient value (3.11). In the study by Cui et al [ 14 ], 5-HMF was detected in most milk powder samples at higher levels than FF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Milk Powder Matrix and Standard Water on Oxidative Stress System of Zebrafish

Hou

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Foods

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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural (FF) are products of the maillard reaction (MR) in milk powder and their safety is controversial. The concentration changes of 5-HMF and FF after a period of cold storage were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, we compared the toxicity effects of 5-HMF (2, 20, or 200 μM) in milk powder matrix and standard water on the oxidative stress system of zebrafish embryos. The results showed that the concentration of 5-HMF was stable, and the concentration of FF degraded over time. 5-HMF-exposed zebrafish embryos had a LC50 value of 961 μM for 120 h. High-concentration of 5-HMF exposure resulted in developmental toxicity and induced oxidative stress. 5-HMF exposure resulted in low expression of gstr gene at 200 μM in both matrices. Moreover, sod, cat, gstr, and gpxla genes were differentially highly expressed in other groups or showed no significant difference. Residual levels in all groups were well below the exposed dose, with a maximum value of only 0.4‰. These results provided a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of 5-HMF exposure in milk powder matrix on the oxidative stress system and suggested that the presence of 5-HMF in our daily consumption of milk powder does not produce significant toxic effects and need not be overstressed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Milk Powder Matrix and Standard Water on Oxidative Stress System of Zebrafish

Hou

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…Consequently, the bioavailability of lysine can be affected, causing nutritive loss ( 81 , 251 , 253 ). Prolonged heating in acidic or neutral conditions, there is a formation of various furfural compounds like 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2-furyl-methyl ketone and 2-furaldehyde ( 254 , 255 ). N ε -carboxymethyl-lysine is an advanced glycation product that can cause potential pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory health effects ( 256 ).…”

Section: Manufacturing Of Infant Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Bakshi,

Paswan,

Yadav

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants’ gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant’s needs and its ultimate impact on infants’ gut microbiota.

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“…Furfural and its derivatives are considered as contaminants, naturally occurring compounds, and vital food constituents. They are found in various foods, such as coffee, fruit, honey, vinegar, breakfast cereals, baked bread, and milk [1][2][3][4][5]. Furfural and its derivatives are found in mg/kg quantities in various foods [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although coffee products are becoming increasingly popular, especially among the young population in China, the consumption of furfural and its derivatives through coffee products has not been studied. The levels of furfural and its derivatives only were previously determined for infant formulas, vinegar, wine, and milk from China [4,[23][24][25][26][27]. Reliable data on the incidence and contamination levels of furfural and its derivatives in coffee products are required to enable exposure and risk assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Furfural and Its Derivatives in Coffee Products in China and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Liu

Zhou

Luo

et al. 2023

Foods

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This is the first report on the content of furfural and its derivatives in coffee products in China. The concentrations of furfural and its derivatives in 449 sampled, commercially available coffee products in China were analyzed through a GC-MS technique, and the associated health risks were estimated. As a result, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) was identified as the predominant derivative compound, with the highest concentration of 6035.0 mg/kg and detection frequency of 98.7%. The mean dietary exposures of 5-HMF, 5-MF(5-methylfurfural), and 2-F(2-furfural) in coffee products among Chinese consumers were 55.65, 3.00, and 3.23 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The ranges of mean dietary intake of furfural and its derivatives based on age groups were all lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the toxicological concern threshold (TTC). Risk evaluation results indicate that coffee product intake did not pose potential risks to consumers. Notably, the analysis revealed that children aged 3–6 years had the highest mean exposure due to their low body weight.

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Analysis of the evolution of potential and free furfural compounds in the production chain of infant formula and risk assessment

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Comparison of the Effects of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Milk Powder Matrix and Standard Water on Oxidative Stress System of Zebrafish

Comparison of the Effects of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Milk Powder Matrix and Standard Water on Oxidative Stress System of Zebrafish

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Occurrence of Furfural and Its Derivatives in Coffee Products in China and Estimation of Dietary Intake

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