Analysis of the Delta Variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19

Shiehzadegan, Shayan; Alaghemand, Nazanin; Fox, Michael; Venketaraman, Vishwanath

doi:10.3390/clinpract11040093

Cited by 236 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Currently, the Delta variant has been the most frequent variant circulating globally ( 14 ). Indeed, national genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants has identified the Delta variant as the most dominant circulating variant in Indonesia (97.8%), followed by Alpha (1.7%) and Beta variants (0.5%) ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Associated With the Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients?

et al. 2021

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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant (B.1.617.2) has been responsible for the current increase in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infectivity rate worldwide. We compared the impact of the Delta variant and non-Delta variant on the COVID-19 outcomes in patients from Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we ascertained 161 patients, 69 with the Delta variant and 92 with the non-Delta variant. The Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer was used to perform the whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2.Results: The mean age of patients with the Delta variant and the non-Delta variant was 27.3 ± 20.0 and 43.0 ± 20.9 (p = 3 × 10−6). The patients with Delta variant consisted of 23 males and 46 females, while the patients with the non-Delta variant involved 56 males and 36 females (p = 0.001). The Ct value of the Delta variant (18.4 ± 2.9) was significantly lower than that of the non-Delta variant (19.5 ± 3.8) (p = 0.043). There was no significant difference in the hospitalization and mortality of patients with Delta and non-Delta variants (p = 0.80 and 0.29, respectively). None of the prognostic factors were associated with the hospitalization, except diabetes with an OR of 3.6 (95% CI = 1.02–12.5; p = 0.036). Moreover, the patients with the following factors have been associated with higher mortality rate than the patients without the factors: age ≥65 years, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease with the OR of 11 (95% CI = 3.4–36; p = 8 × 10−5), 27 (95% CI = 6.1–118; p = 1 × 10−5), 15.6 (95% CI = 5.3–46; p = 6 × 10−7), 12 (95% CI = 4–35.3; p = 1.2 × 10−5), and 6.8 (95% CI = 2.1–22.1; p = 0.003), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥65 years, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension were the strong prognostic factors for the mortality of COVID-19 patients with the OR of 3.6 (95% CI = 0.58–21.9; p = 0.028), 16.6 (95% CI = 2.5–107.1; p = 0.003), 5.5 (95% CI = 1.3–23.7; p = 0.021), and 5.8 (95% CI = 1.02–32.8; p = 0.047), respectively.Conclusions: We show that the patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant have a lower Ct value than the patients infected by the non-Delta variant, implying that the Delta variant has a higher viral load, which might cause a more transmissible virus among humans. However, the Delta variant does not affect the COVID-19 outcomes in our patients. Our study also confirms that older age and comorbidity increase the mortality rate of patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Associated With the Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients?

et al. 2021

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“…Although specific mutations in the spike protein, including the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants, are generally effectively neutralized by existing vaccines [ 85 ], the response of vaccines to other variants, including the P.1 andB.1.617.2 display significantly reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2, with other variants such as the B.1.1.529 posing as novel challenges toward herd immunity. The B.1.617.2 variant, initially identified in India [ 89 ], possesses mutations granting enhanced transmissibility and producing more severe symptoms characteristic of higher viral loads within the respiratory tract, in addition to a unique symptom of gangrene secondary to severe blood clots. The anti-inflammatory effects of PAD inhibitors in combination with immunothrombosis suppression through NET inhibition offer a potential acute treatment for severe SARS-CoV-2 patients in whom vaccine protection is breached, in the case of more resistant strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAD Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Immunothrombosis

et al. 2021

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Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, the virus’s dynamicity has resulted in the evolution of various variants, including the delta variant and the more novel mu variant. With a multitude of mutant strains posing as challenges to vaccine efficacy, it is critical that researchers embrace the development of pharmacotherapeutics specific to SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology. Neutrophil extracellular traps and their constituents, including citrullinated histones, display a linear connection with thrombotic manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes involved in the modification of histone arginine residues by citrullination, allowing for the formation of NETs. PAD inhibitors, specifically PAD-4 inhibitors, offer extensive pharmacotherapeutic potential across a broad range of inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, through mediating NETs formation. Although numerous PAD-4 inhibitors exist, current literature has not explored the depth of utilizing these inhibitors clinically to treat thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients. This review article offers the clinical significance of PAD-4 inhibitors in reducing thrombotic complications across various inflammatory disorders like COVID-19 and suggests that these inhibitors may be valuable in treating the origin of SARS-CoV-2 immunothrombosis.

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“…Nevertheless, this variant is more contagious than previous variants of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, the first data showed that the people infected with the omicron variant present with milder infection and are mainly young and middle-aged (Meo et al 2021 ; Shiehzadegan et al 2021 ; Wang and Han 2022 ).…”

Section: Hand Eye Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment and Social Di...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors influencing the transmission of the coronavirus 2019: a review

Valsamatzi-Panagiotou

Penchovsky

2022

Environ Chem Lett

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The coronavirus 2019 pandemic, induced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has strongly altered healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. The lack of knowledge on this virus has led to the implementation of uncertain strategies and measures to fight the pandemic. Here, we review environmental factors that control viral transmission, such as air, temperature, humidity, food, water and sewage, insects, inanimate surfaces, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The main route of viral transmission is the respiratory tract through aerosols. Masks and social distancing are effective in ceasing air transmission. Proper cleaning of surfaces and hand disinfection are required, especially in healthcare units. Food should be handled properly, and food handlers should work based on hygienic protocols. Water and sewage transmission, and transmission through insects appear less important than other environmental factors.

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Analysis of the Delta Variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19

Cited by 236 publications

References 18 publications

Is the Infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Associated With the Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients?

Is the Infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Associated With the Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients?

PAD Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Immunothrombosis

Environmental factors influencing the transmission of the coronavirus 2019: a review

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