Analysis of the Arabidopsis<i>MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING</i>Gene Family:<i>MAF2</i>Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold [W]

Ratcliffe, Oliver J.; Kumimoto, Roderick W.; Wong, Becky J.; Riechmann, José Luis

doi:10.1105/tpc.009506

Cited by 308 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…1H). When we measured the expression levels of the FLC-related flowering genes MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING1 (MAF1) to MAF5 (Scortecci et al, 2001;Ratcliffe et al, 2003), we found that the levels of MAF1, MAF2, and MAF3 were not or were slightly altered in the analyzed mutants with the exception of emf1-2 and clf-28/swn-7. On the other hand, MAF4 and MAF5 expression levels were dramatically increased in the different atbmi1a/b phenotypes, emf1-2 and clf-28/swn-7, whereas they were not significantly affected in emf2-2 and FRI-Col (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role of the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region1 homolog (BMI1) POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) components participate in the repression of microRNA156 (miR156). Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to the up-regulation of the primary transcript of MIR156A and MIR156C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANSindependent up-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and microRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are conserved epigenetic regulators that mediate gene repression through the incorporation of histone-modifying marks (Calonje, 2014). As far as it is known, PcG proteins associate in two multiprotein complexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): POLYCOMB REPRES-SIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) and PRC2. The combined activity of the two complexes is required for stable repression of the target genes.The major function of PRC2 is to perform histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) through the methyltransferase activity of CURLY LEAF (CLF) and SWINGER (SWN) during sporophyte development or of MEDEA in the endosperm (Chanvivattana et al., 2004). Other PRC2 components are the Drosophila melanogaster suppressor of zeste12 homologs VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2), EMBRYONIC FLOWER2 (EMF2), and FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED2, which confer specificity to the resulting PRC2s even though they have some overlapping functions (Chanvivattana et al., 2004), and finally MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF INHIBITORY REGULATOR OF THE RAS-CYCLIC AMP PATHWAY and FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM, which are common subunits for the different PRC2s (Derkacheva and Hennig, 2014). On the other hand, the identity of Arabidopsis PRC1 is not defined yet. PRC1-mediated function can be histone 2A monoubiquitination (H2Aub) dependent, through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 RING finger proteins Arabidopsis B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region1 homolog 1A (AtBMI1A)/B/C and AtRING1A/B, or H2Aub independent, which requires the activity of the PRC1 component EMF1 (Bratzel et al., 2010(Bratzel et al., , 2012Yang et al., 2013a;Calo...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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“…Microarray data were derived from two independent biological replicates. genes that may similarly act to repress flowering (Ratcliffe et al, 2001(Ratcliffe et al, , 2003; data not shown). To investigate epistatic relationships between PHP and other Paf1C component genes, we analyzed phenotypes of mutants carrying php-2 in combination with strong mutations in VIP5, VIP6, or ELF7.…”

Section: Dysfunction Of Php Leads To Alteration Of Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN Is a Component of the PAF1 Complex and Assists in Regulating Expression of Genes within H3K27ME3-Enriched Chromatin

Park

Ek-Ramos

et al. 2010

Plant Physiology

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The human Paf1 complex (Paf1C) subunit Parafibromin assists in mediating output from the Wingless/Int signaling pathway, and dysfunction of the encoding gene HRPT2 conditions specific cancer-related disease phenotypes. Here, we characterize the organismal and molecular roles of PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN (PHP), the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of Parafibromin. PHP resides in an approximately 670-kD protein complex in nuclear extracts, and physically interacts with other known Paf1C-related proteins in vivo. In striking contrast to the developmental pleiotropy conferred by mutation in other plant Paf1C component genes in Arabidopsis, loss of PHP specifically conditioned accelerated phase transition from vegetative growth to flowering and resulted in misregulation of a very limited subset of genes that included the flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C. Those genes targeted by PHP were distinguished from the bulk of Arabidopsis genes and other plant Paf1C targets by strong enrichment for trimethylation of lysine-27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) within chromatin. These findings suggest that PHP is a component of a plant Paf1C protein in Arabidopsis, but has a more specialized role in modulating expression of a subset of Paf1C targets.The Paf1 complex (Paf1C) has been best characterized in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a transcriptional cofactor participating in initiation and elongation, with various specific roles including mediating ubiquitination of histone H2B by Rad6/Bre1, promoting interaction of the SET1 and SET2 histone methyltransferases with chromatin at active genes, and assisting in pre-mRNA processing through 3# end formation (Krogan et al

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“…AGL24, FPF1, and SPL9 promote flowering (Kania et al, 1997;Melzer et al, 1999;Michaels et al, 2003;Schwarz et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009), whereas FLC, TEM1, TFL1, MAF2, and MAF3 repress flowering (Michaels and Amasino, 1999;Ratcliffe et al, 2003;Castillejo and Pelaz, 2008).…”

Section: Flowering-time Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 and ULTRAPETALA1 Act Antagonistically on Arabidopsis Development and Stress Response

Liu

Kim

et al. 2013

Plant Physiology

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Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is of fundamental importance for eukaryotic development. EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 (EMF1) is a plant-specific gene that participates in Polycomb group-mediated transcriptional repression of target genes such as the flower MADS box genes AGAMOUS, APETALA3, and PISTILLATA. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the curly leaf and early flowering phenotypes caused by reducing EMF1 activity in the leaf primordia of LFYasEMF1 transgenic plants and propose a combined effect of multiple flower MADS box gene activities on these phenotypes. ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) functions as a trithorax group factor that counteracts Polycomb group action in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Removing ULT1 activity rescues both the abnormal developmental phenotypes and most of the misregulated gene expression of LFYasEMF1 plants. Reducing EMF1 activity increases salt tolerance, an effect that is diminished by introducing the ult1-3 mutation into the LFYasEMF1 background. EMF1 is required for trimethylating lysine-27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3), and ULT1 associates with ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1 (ATX1) for trimethylating lysine-3 on histone 4 (H3K4me3) at flower MADS box gene loci. Reducing EMF1 activity decreases H3K27me3 marks and increases H3K4me3 marks on target gene loci. Removing ULT1 activity has the opposite effect on the two histone marks. Removing both gene activities restores the active and repressive marks to near wild-type levels. Thus, ULT1 acts as an antirepressor that counteracts EMF1 action through modulation of histone marks on target genes. Our analysis indicates that, instead of acting as off and on switches, EMF1 and ULT1 mediate histone mark deposition and modulate transcriptional activities of the target genes.

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Analysis of the ArabidopsisMADS AFFECTING FLOWERINGGene Family:MAF2Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold [W]

Cited by 308 publications

References 54 publications

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

Deciphering the Role of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 Variants in Regulating the Acquisition of Flowering Competence in Arabidopsis

PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN Is a Component of the PAF1 Complex and Assists in Regulating Expression of Genes within H3K27ME3-Enriched Chromatin

EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 and ULTRAPETALA1 Act Antagonistically on Arabidopsis Development and Stress Response

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