Analysis of the analgesic interactions between ketorolac and tramadol during arthritic nociception in rat

Isobolographic analysis of the dual-site synergism in the antinociceptive response of tramadol in the formalin test in rats

“…Indeed, in a previous review of different settings of clinical acute pain Kehlet et al (1999) defined the concept of balanced or multimodal analgesia what implies a combination of different classes of analgesics as well as the use of different sites of administration of analgesics in order to improve pain relief. In that sense, tramadol has been successfully combined with several selective and unselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors as well as with other adjuvants to alleviate experimental and clinical pain (Satyanarayana et al, 2004;Lopez-Munoz et al, 2004;Schnitzer, 2003;Chen et al, 2002).…”

Synergistic interaction between tramadol and dipyrone in thermal paw stimulation model in the rat

“…It has been established that the interaction of dipyrone or tramadol combinations with other drugs produced, in most instances, a synergistic interaction. Synergistic effects have been established between tramadol and several drug classes including acetaminophen [Fricke et al, 2004;Filitz et al, 2000], dexamethasone [Dü rsteler et al, 2007], gabapentin [Granados-Soto and Argü elles, 2005], ketorolac [Ló pez-Muñ oz et al, 2004], naproxen [Satvanaravana et al, 2004], ketamine [Chen et al, 2002], and venlafaxine [Uvar et al, 2003]. However, no synergistic interaction was observed when tramadol was combined with rofecoxib [Satvanaravana et al, 2004].…”

Ellagic acid enhances the antinociceptive action of venlafaxine in mouse acetic acid-induced pain: An isobolographic analysis

“…In the present study, we applied the best currently available tool such as isobolographic analysis [20,35] to determine the nature of antinociceptive interaction between EA and VLF in the acetic acid-induced pain as an inflammatory pain model. The results obtained in this study showed synergistic antinociceptive interaction.…”