Analysis of the allergenicity and B cell epitopes in tropomyosin of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and correlation to cross-reactivity based on epitopes with fish (Larimichthys crocea) and clam (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Identification of the Dominant T-Cell Epitopes of Lit v 1 Shrimp Major Allergen and Their Functional Overlap with Known B-Cell Epitopes

“…Also, the synthetic peptides B1−B3 comprising the regions of Lit v 1 with IgE binding capacity (Figure 1B) and consequently regarded as B-cell epitopes validated as IgE binders were included in the study. 23 The relative location of all these regions in the 3D structure is displayed in Figure 1C.…”

“…In addition to the essential functional properties of T2 as a Tcell epitope, its safe exploitation relies on its incapacity to induce the degranulation of effector cells. 23,28 Figure 5 shows that the addition of IgE binding peptides such as B1, B2, B3, and T1 to RBL-2H3 cells primed with Lit v 1-sensitized mouse sera significantly increased the release (p < 0.05) of βhexosaminidase and histamine compared to the negative control. Importantly, these results underline that peptide lengths of 12−15 residues suffice the cross-linking capacity of the cell membrane-bound IgE required for degranulation.…”

“…immuneepitope.org/), ProPred (http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/ propred/), NetMHCII 2.3 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ NetMHCII/), Immunomedicine Group (http://imed.med.ucm.es/), and SYFPEITHI (http://www.syfpeithi.de/) tools. 27,28 The predicted peptides and three previously validated Lit v 1 B-cell epitopes 23 were synthesized by Sango Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with free N-and C-terminal ends and with purities higher than 95% (Table 2).…”

An overview of tropomyosin as an important seafood allergen: Structure, cross‐reactivity, epitopes, allergenicity, and processing modifications

“…The commonly used technologies to analyze the antigenic epitopes mainly include inhibitory ELISA, overlapping peptide library technology, bioinformatics, peptide library method, and phage display library, molecular cloning, and X‐ray crystallography. Among them, the method of bioinformatics to predict epitopes avoids the limitation of cumbersome operation and low efficiency (De Groot et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020). Combined with medical and computer science, information is easily available such as sequence analysis and function annotation and has been widely studied in recent years.…”

“…Thus, the epitopes can be indirectly predicted by the affinity of the pMHC complex (Ravkov et al., 2013). The epitopes recognized by B‐cell receptors or specific antibodies secreted by B cells are called B‐cell epitopes, which can be divided into linear epitopes and conformational epitopes (Xu et al., 2020). Linear epitopes and conformational epitopes are not completely independent and some linear epitopes are part of conformational epitopes.…”